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Chemisrty > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the temp in exothermic?

A

It increases

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2
Q

What happens to the temp in endothermic?

A

It decreases

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3
Q

What happens to the energy in exothermic?

A

It is transferred from stores of energy in chemical bonds to the surroundings

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4
Q

What happens to the energy in endothermic?

A

It is transferred from the surroundings to stores of energy in chemical bonds

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5
Q

Bond breaking is…

A

Endothermic

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6
Q

Bond making is…

A

Exothermic

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7
Q

What does it mean if the energy change is negative?

A

Exothermic

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8
Q

What happens if the nervy change is positive?

A

It is endothermic

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9
Q

How can you extract nitrogen from the air?

A

Fractional distillation

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10
Q

What are the conditions of the harbour process? 

A

Iron catalyst
High temp - 450
High pressure - 200atm

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11
Q

What does an increase in temp do to the endothermic process?

A

Favour it

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12
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A natural resource

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13
Q

What is crude oil made from?

A

Fossilised remains of plants and sea creatures

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14
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of?

A

Hydrogens and carbon ONLY!

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15
Q

What does crude oil need to happen to become useful?

A

It needs to be separated into different compounds

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16
Q

What makes crude oil not great?

A

It is not runny enough so it’s difficult to ignite

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17
Q

How do you separate crude oil?

A

Fractional distillation

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18
Q

What are gases used for?

A

Domestic heating and cooking

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19
Q

What is pertrol used for?

A

Fuel in cars

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20
Q

What is kerosene used for?

A

Fuel for aircraft’s

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21
Q

What is diesel oil used for?

A

Fuel for some cars and trains

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22
Q

What is fuel oil used for?

A

Fuel for large ships and power stations

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23
Q

What it bitumen used for?

A

Surfacing roads and roofs

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24
Q

What does the chain length do to fuels?

A

The shorter carbon chains the weaker the intermolecular forces are between carbon chains

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25
Q

What does the boiling point do in chain length?

A

Increase

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26
Q

Why does the boiling point with chain length increase? 

A

Stronger inter molecular forces between the chains of molecules, so it needs more energy to break them so higher boiling point 

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27
Q

What is the ease of ignition?

A

The easier it is to turn into a vapour, the easier it is to ignite

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28
Q

What does shorter chain length do to the ease of ignition? 

A

They have less intermolecular forces so easier to turn into a vapour so easier to ignite

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29
Q

What is viscosity?

A

How easy a fluid can flow

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30
Q

What liquid has a low viscosity?

A

Water - flow easily

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31
Q

What has the longest carbon chain? 

A

Bitumen since it has the strongest intermolecular forces

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32
Q

What happens if you go down the fraction?

A

The viscosity increases because the chain length is longer, so there is stronger into molecular forces between molecules to break through

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33
Q

What does crude oil contain most of?

A

Alkanes

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34
Q

What do homologous series chemicals have the same?

A

General formula

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35
Q

What do homologous series chemicals have that is similar?

A

Chemical properties

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36
Q

What do homologous series chemicals differ from ?

A

By CH2 in their molecular formula

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37
Q

What do homologous series chemicals show?

A

A gradual trend in physical properties

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38
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

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39
Q

Alkenes all end in…

A

-ane

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40
Q

What are 3 common alkanes?

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane

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41
Q

What do general formulas show?

A

The ratio of atoms present in the homologous series 

42
Q

What do you do for alkane formulas?

A

Doubles then add 2

43
Q

What does longer molecule mean?

A

Stronger intermolecular forces

44
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Un saturated hydrogen carbons

45
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

Double it

46
Q

What chained fractions can be cracked?

A

Fuel oil and bitumen

47
Q

Why are chained fractions cracked?

A

Into smaller more useful alkanes and alkenes

48
Q

What can be produced when cracking?

A

Hydrogen

49
Q

What are alkenes used for?

A

To make polymers

50
Q

What is the general formula calculation for alkenes?

A

Add to get 10 for the first 2 numbers and add to get 22 for the second numbers

51
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbons react with oxygen when they burn

52
Q

What type of reaction is complete combustion?

A

Oxidisation

53
Q

What happens in complete combustion?

A

Energy is released

54
Q

When does complete combustion occur?

A

When there is plentiful supply of oxygen

55
Q

What is produced in complete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

56
Q

What is methane?

A

A non renewable fossil fuel found in natural gas

57
Q

What is it when the Bunsen burner hole is open and there is lots of oxygen?

A

Complete combustion

58
Q

What is it when the Bunsen burner hole is closed and there is limited oxygen?

A

Incomplete combustion

59
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur?

A

When there is limited supply of oxygen

60
Q

What is produced in incomplete combustion?

A

Water, carbon monoxide and carbon (soot)

61
Q

What is released in incomplete combustion?

A

Less energy than complete combustion

62
Q

How many electrons are in the outside shell in group one elements?

A

1

63
Q

What are group one elements call?

A

Alkaline metals

64
Q

What are physical properties of group 1?

A

Malleable
Low melting point
Low density
Soft

65
Q

What are chemical properties of group 1 elements?

A

Reactive
Oxidise easily
React with cold water

66
Q

How does the reactivity increase in group 1?

A

Down the group

67
Q

What do all group 1 form?

A

The same reaction

68
Q

What happens as the the distance between the outer shell electrons and the nucleus in the group 1 elements?

A

The alkali metal gets more reactive because the outside shell electron is easier to remove

69
Q

What are group 0 elements called?

A

Noble gases

70
Q

What are properties of helium?

A

It has very low density and is non flammable

71
Q

What is the use of helium?

A

Fill weather balloons
Air ships
Balloons

72
Q

What are group 0 unreactive?

A

Because they have a full outer shell

73
Q

What is the use of neon?

A

Advertising signs

74
Q

What does neon do?

A

Gives a red orange light when electricity is passed through it

75
Q

What are uses of Aragon?

A

Provide an inert atmosphere for welding and in filament lamps

76
Q

What are group 7 called?

A

Halogens

77
Q

What is the appearance of the halogen chlorine?

A

Green gas

78
Q

What is the appearance of the halogen bromine?

A

Red brown liquid

79
Q

What is the appearance of the halogen iodine?

A

Grey solid, purple gas

80
Q

What does the melting point of halogens do as you go down the group?

A

Increases

81
Q

What does the density of halogens do as you go down the group?

A

Increases

82
Q

What happens as you down group 7 and the distance between the outside shell and the nucleus increases?

A

The attraction of the extra negative electron and positive nucleus is less

83
Q

What is group 7?

A

Less reactive

84
Q

What will displace in reactions of halogens and halide ions?

A

The more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive halide in the solution

85
Q

What can chlorine displace?

A

Bromine and iodine as it is more reactive

86
Q

What can iodine not displace?

A

Chloride or bromide as it is least reactive

87
Q

What can bromine displace? And what can it not?

A

Bromine can displace iodine but not chloride as it is in the middle

88
Q

What are some green house gases?

A

Carbon dioxide
Water vapour
Methane

89
Q

What does green house gases do?

A

They absorb heat energy radiated by the Earth, and re-radiate it back to Earth, causing the Earth and atmosphere to heat up, increasing the greenhouse effect 

90
Q

What is pollution caused by?

A

Sulphur impurities in fuels burn and react with oxygen to produce sulphur dioxide 

91
Q

What is sulfur dioxide and what does it produce?

A

Sulphur dioxide is an acidic gas. It can dissolve in cloud and produce acid rain.

92
Q

What does acid rain dissolve in and what does it do?

A

Rivers and lakes which decreases the pH

93
Q

What does acid rain kill?

A

Fish, insects plants, and other aquatic life

94
Q

What does acid rain damage and corrode?

A

Buildings, and statues and metals

95
Q

How are oxides of nitrogen produced?

A

Car engines are so hot, they caused the nitrogen and oxygen in the air to react

96
Q

Why is nitrogen dioxide a toxic gas?

A

It can cause respiratory diseases such as bronchitis

97
Q

What does nitrogen dioxide dissolve in and what does it contribute to?

A

Rain clouds to acid rain

98
Q

What is carbon monoxide?

A

Toxic gas that is colourless and odourless

99
Q

What does carbon monoxide react with?

A

Haemoglobin in the red blood cells so that the haemoglobin cannot carry oxygen and so less oxygen can get into the brain

100
Q

What is soot?

A

Carbon particles of unburnt carbon

101
Q

How does soot build up?

A

In engines and boilers, so it reduces the efficiency and increases other pollutants

102
Q

What are the negatives of soot?

A

It can aggravate asthma and other respiratory problems, and it makes buildings dirty

Chemisrty (1 decks)

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