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Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Endothermic Reaction

A

A reaction that occurs when more energy is required during product bond formation than is released when the new bonds form in the product.

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2
Q

Exothermic Reaction

A

A reaction that occurs when more energy is released during product bond formation

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3
Q

Why do atoms bond?

A

Atoms bond in order to reach a full outer energy level and achieve a noble gas configuration.

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4
Q

What is a covalent bond and how is it formed?

A

A covalent bond is a chemical bond that results from sharing valence electrons.

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5
Q

What is a molecule and how is it formed?

A

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms bond covalently.

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6
Q

What is a diatomic molecule?

A

A diatomic molecule is a molecule composed of only two atoms.

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7
Q

What is a “Lewis structure”?

A

They are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.

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8
Q

Group 17 can form how many covalent bonds?

A

1 covalent bond.

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9
Q

Group 16 can form how many covalent bonds?

A

2 covalent bonds.

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10
Q

Group 15 can form how many covalent bonds?

A

3 covalent bonds.

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11
Q

Group 14 can form how many covalent bonds?

A

4 covalent bonds.

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12
Q

Single covalent bonds are also called

A

Sigma bonds. (σ)

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13
Q

What is a sigma bond and how does it occur?

A

A sigma bond is otherwise called a single covalent bond and occurs when the pair of shared electrons is in an area centered between the two atoms.

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14
Q

List the orbitals that can form sigma bonds in a covalent compound, such as in DNA molecules.

A
  1. s and s orbitals
  2. s and p orbitals
  3. p and p orbitals
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15
Q

What is a double bond and how does it form?

A

A double bond is a double covalent bond and forms when two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.

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16
Q

What is a triple bond and how does it form?

A

A triple bond is a triple covalent bond and forms when three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.

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17
Q

A multiple covalent bond consists of what two types of bonds?

A

1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond.

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18
Q

What is a pi bond and how does it occur?

A

A pi (π) bond is a shared electron pair that occupies the space above and below the line that represent where the two atoms are join together.

It occurs when parallel orbitals overlap and share electrons.

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19
Q

The strength of a covalent bond depends on what

A

The distance between the two bonded nuclei.

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20
Q

What is bond length?

A

It is the distance between the two bonded nuclei and their maximum attraction.

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21
Q

How are bond length and bond strength related

A

The shorter the bond length, the stronger the bond.
(The more covalent bonds, the stronger the attraction.)

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22
Q

What is bond-dissociation energy and what type of value is it?

A

Bond-dissociation energy is the amount of energy required to break a specific covalent bond, it is always a positive value.

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23
Q

What is a coordinate covalent bond and how does it form?

A

A coordinate covalent bond is a bond that is formed by one atom donating both both of the electrons to be shared with an atom or ions that needs two electrons to form a stable electron configuration.

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24
Q

What is Resonance?

A

Resonance is a condition that occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for an ion or molecule.

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25
Q

How do you name a Binary molecular compound?

A

First, the first element in the formula is written fully, (N for nitrogen). The second element is named using its root and adding the suffix -ide, (O root is ox + -ide = oxide). Finally add prefixes.

26
Q

What prefix is used for 1 atom?

A

mono-

27
Q

What prefix is used for 2 atoms?

A

di-

28
Q

What prefix is used for 3 atoms?

A

tri-

29
Q

What prefix is used for 4 atoms?

A

tetra-

30
Q

What prefix is used for 5 atoms?

A

penta-

31
Q

What prefix is used for 6 atoms?

A

hexa-

32
Q

What prefix is used for 7 atoms?

A

hepta-

33
Q

What prefix is used for 8 atoms?

A

octa-

34
Q

What prefix is used for 9 atoms ?

A

nona-

35
Q

What prefix is used for 10 atoms?

A

deca-

36
Q

What are the two types of acids?

A

Binary acids and oxyacids

37
Q

How do you name binary acids?

A

Start with hydro- , then take the root of the second element and add the suffix -ic. (hydrochloric acid.)

38
Q

What is a binary acid?

A

A acid in which there are only two elements, hydrogen and a second nonmetallic element.

39
Q

How do you name an oxyacid?

A

First, identify the oxyanion present, then take it’s root and add per- or hypo-, (only if it is part of the oxyanions name.) then, if the oxyanions name ends with -ate change it to -ic, and if -ite, then -ous.

40
Q

What is an oxyacid?

A

An acid that contains both hydrogen and an oxyanion.

41
Q

What do you change -ate to?

A

-ic

42
Q

What do you change -ite to?

A

-ous

43
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

A molecular model that uses letter symbols and bonds to show relative positions of atoms.

44
Q

What are the exceptions to the octet rule?

A
  1. If there are an odd number of valence electrons.
  2. If there are any suboctets or coordinate covalent bonds.
  3. If there are any expanded octets.
45
Q

What hybrid orbitals and bond angle(s) are given if the shape is linear?

A

sp
180 degrees.

46
Q

What hybrid orbitals and bond angle(s) are given if the shape is trigonal planar?

A

sp^2
Trigonal planar

47
Q

What hybrid orbitals and bond angle(s) are given if the shape is Tetrahedral?

A

sp^3
109.5 degrees.

48
Q

What hybrid orbitals and bond angle(s) are given if the shape is Trigonal pyramidal?

A

sp^3
107.3 degrees.

49
Q

What hybrid orbitals and bond angle(s) are given if the shape is Bent?

A

sp^3
104.5 degrees.

50
Q

What hybrid orbitals and bond angle(s) are given if the shape is Trigonal bipyramidal?

A

sp^3d
90 degrees from vertically, and 120 degrees horizontally.

51
Q

What hybrid orbitals and bond angle(s) are given if the shape is Octahedral?

A

sp^3d^2
90 degrees vertically and horizontally.

52
Q

What bond character is present when the EN difference is greater than 1.7?

A

Mostly ionic.

53
Q

What bond character is present when the EN difference is between 0.4 - 1.7?

A

Polar covalent.

54
Q

What bond character is present when the EN difference is less than 0.4?

A

Mostly covalent.

55
Q

What bond character is present when the EN difference is 0?

A

Nonpolar covalent.

56
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The relative ability of an atom to attract electrons for bonding.

57
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

Is a covalent bond in which the electron pairs between different atoms are not shared equally.

58
Q

What are intermolecular forces also known as?

A

van der Waals forces.

59
Q

Molecules that produce hydrogen in solutions are

A

acids.

60
Q

Binary acids contain what two elements?

A

Hydrogen and one other element.

61
Q

Oxyacids contain which 3 elements?

A

Hydrogen, oxygen and 1 other element.

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