Chemistry Flashcards
What is the Particle Theory of Matter?
The Particle Theory of Matter is a scientific theory that explains the behavior and properties of matter based on the idea that all matter is composed of tiny particles.
What are the main postulates of the Particle Theory of Matter?
- All matter is made up of tiny particles.
- Different substances are made up of different kinds of particles.
- The particles of matter are constantly in motion.
- The particles of a substance move faster as its temperature increases.
- Particles attract each other.
What is the significance of particle motion in the Particle Theory of Matter?
Particle motion explains various properties of matter. The particles in solids vibrate in fixed positions, in liquids they move more freely, and in gases, they move rapidly and randomly.
How does the Particle Theory of Matter explain changes in state?
According to the theory, changes in state occur when the motion of particles changes. For example, heating a solid increase the particle motion, causing it to melt and become a liquid. Further heating increases the motion even more, leading to vaporization and the formation of a gas.
What happens when matter is heated or cooled according to the Particle Theory of Matter?
Heating matter increases the kinetic energy of particles, causing them to move faster. Cooling matter decreases the kinetic energy, causing the particles to move slower. These changes in particle motion affect the state and properties of matter.
What are the three main states of matter?
The three main states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
How are the particles arranged in a solid?
In a solid, particles are closely packed together in a regular arrangement.
How do particles in a liquid move?
In a liquid, particles are close together but not in a fixed arrangement. They can move past each other, allowing the liquid to flow.
What is the shape and volume of a gas?
A gas has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It takes the shape and volume of its container.
What is the process called when a solid turns directly into a gas?
The process is called sublimation. It occurs when a solid bypass the liquid state and changes directly into a gas upon heating.
How does the energy of particles change when matter changes states?
When matter changes states, the energy of particles changes. Heating a substance increases the energy, while cooling it decreases the energy.
What happens to the spacing between particles as matter changes states?
As matter changes states, the spacing between particles changes. In a solid, particles are closely packed. In a liquid, particles are slightly more spread out. In a gas, particles are widely separated.
What is condensation?
Condensation is the process in which a gas changes into a liquid state. It occurs when the temperature of a gas decreases, causing the particles to slow down and come closer together.
What is vaporization?
Vaporization is the process in which a liquid changes into a gas state. It can occur through evaporation (at the liquid’s surface) or boiling (throughout the liquid).
What is melting?
Melting is the process in which a solid changes into a liquid state. It occurs when the temperature of a solid increases, causing the particles to gain enough energy to overcome their fixed positions.
What is a mechanical mixture?
A mechanical mixture is a type of mixture where different substances are combined but not uniformly distributed. The individual components retain their distinct identities and can be visually distinguished.
Give an example of a mechanical mixture.
An example of a mechanical mixture is a bowl of mixed nuts, where different types of nuts are physically combined but can be easily differentiated.
What is a solution?
A solution is a type of mixture in which the components are uniformly distributed at the molecular or atomic level. It appears as a single phase and exhibits homogeneous properties throughout.
Give an example of a solution.
An example of a solution is a sugar dissolved in water, where the sugar molecules are uniformly distributed and cannot be individually seen or separated.
How do mechanical mixtures and solutions differ?
Mechanical mixtures have non-uniform distribution of components and retain their individual identities, whereas solutions have a uniform distribution at a molecular level and appear as a single phase.
Can mechanical mixtures be separated easily?
Solutions are commonly encountered in various forms, such as beverages, cleaning products, and medicines. Mechanical mixtures can be found in salads, trail mixes, and granola bars.
What are physical properties?
Physical properties are characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing its chemical composition. They include attributes such as color, density, melting point, and conductivity.
What is a qualitative property?
A qualitative property is a physical property that can be observed or described without using numerical measurements. It provides information about the presence or absence of a characteristic, such as the odor or texture of a substance.
What is a quantitative property?
A quantitative property is a physical property that can be measured and expressed numerically. Examples include mass, temperature, volume, and length.
What is a physical change?
A physical change is a change in the physical properties of a substance without altering its chemical composition. Examples include changes in state (e.g., melting, freezing) or changes in shape or size.
What are chemical properties?
They involve the ability of a substance to undergo chemical changes and form new substances.
