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Biosci101 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

A atom or group of Atoms that is positively or negatively charged

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2
Q

The Electron Shell with electrons containing the most potential energy is located…

A

Furthest away from the nucleus in the outermost shell because they need this energy to pull away from the attraction of the nucleus

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

Relates to the energy level of the electron

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4
Q

When can an electron move electron shells

A

Only when it has gained or lost the discrete amount of energy

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5
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

The sharing a pair of outer shell electrons by two atoms

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6
Q

Double Covalent Bond

A

Two shared pairs of electrons hold together a molecule

ie: a molecule of oxygen gas is held together by two shared pairs of electrons

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7
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Hydrogen atom with a net positive charge is attracted to an oxygen atom with a net negative charge

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8
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another, the atom that loses the electrons become net negatively charged and the one that gains the electron/s becomes net positively charged

if the atom has more electrons, it becomes net negatively charged

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9
Q

Hydrophobic

A

property of a substance that repels water

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10
Q

Hydrophilic

A

strong affinity for water, essentially meaning the ability to mix well, dissolve, or to be attracted to water

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11
Q

Polymer

A

material costing of macromolecules composed of many repeating subunits

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12
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

any class of chemical made up of only carbon and hydrogen the carbon atom join together to form the framework and the hydrogen atom attach to them in different configurations

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13
Q

Lipids

A

(fats) molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells.

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14
Q

Hydrogen

A

Net positive charge

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15
Q

Oxygen

A

Net negative charge

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16
Q

Amino Acids come from…

A

citric acid cycle and Glycolysis

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17
Q

Polymers form via

A

dehydration

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18
Q

Polymers break via..

A

addition of water /hydrolysis

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19
Q

Monotreme

A

compounds that can react with other molecules to form very large molecules or polymers

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20
Q

polymer

A

material consisting of macromolecules composed of many repeating subunits

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21
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

any class of chemical made up of only carbon and hydrogen the carbon atom join together to form the framework and the hydrogen atom attach to them in different configurations

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22
Q

Lipids

A

molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells.

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23
Q

Phospholipids

A

molecule which has a hydrophobic head containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic tails derived from fatty acids joined by usually glycerol

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24
Q

Acyl

A

derived from the removal of one or more hydroxyl (oxygen bonded to hydrogen) group from an oxoacid (at least one hydroxy group covalently bonded to an atom which is double bonded to one oxygen atoms)

Acyl chains are the blocks of cellular membranes and define boundaries and compartments within cells

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25
Q

Double Bonded

A

two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms in a molecule

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26
Q

Ester Linkage

A

Bond between glycerol/fatty acids to form lipids, it bridges across with oxygen joining acyl chains which is called triglycerol (the linkage makes this)

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27
Q

Triose

A

Monnosaccharide/simple sugar containing three carbon atoms

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28
Q

Disaccharides

A

substance that is composed of two monosaccharides linked to one another by a glycosidic linkage

29
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond that joins a sugar to another group

30
Q

Polysaccharides:

A

Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds, starch and glycogen are examples of this

31
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Molecules composing of proteins and carbohydrate chains

32
Q

Glycolipids

A

lipids with a Carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent bond) bond

33
Q

Amphipathic

A

hydrophobic and hydrophillic parts

this is what happens to a fatty acid when a phosphate is added

34
Q

Unsaturated fat and lipids

A
35
Q

Unsaturated fat and lipids

A

if a hydrogen is removed from the bond this forms a double bond resulting in a kink in the chain resulting in it ending and bending impacting its functionality as it is no longer flexible or able to rotate

Additionally meaning it cannot be stacked and packed together tightly

36
Q

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides bonds form by..

A

dehydration

37
Q

Polymers form via….

A

dehydration

38
Q

Cellulose has …… linkages

A

beta 1 4 which is why they cannot roate

39
Q

Starch and glycogen have ….. linkages

A

alpha 14 which is why these things are flexible

40
Q

Water

A

absorbs heat and holds it - buffering earth climate

its polarity attracts positive and negative ions

forms barriers with hydrophobic molecules

drives the shape and structure of molecules

Transports substrates

41
Q

Polymers

A

Macromolecule

DNA is a long chain of polymer

form via dehydration

constructed of monomers (building blocks)

42
Q

Types of Polymers

A

Nucleic Acids
Protiens
Polysaccharides
Lipids

43
Q

Lipids

A

acetate - building blocks of lipids

important for metabolism

lipids can add acetates growing fatty acid chains / acyl chains

addition of phosphate = amphipathic fatty acids

Phospholipids form membranes, these membranes then form vesicles

acyl chains can be either saturated or unsaturated

water insoluble (hydrophobic)

energy storage

Membranes can be made from lipids

Hormones

44
Q

Acetate (lipid)

A

makes fats or can be a nuerotransmitter or used in the citric acid cycle

most acyl chains = even numbers

water is extracted so acetate can be added = dehydration

45
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

cell membrane is made of this

2 layers form a barrier

portioning means there are gradients

gradients can be used for power

liposomes break things down

the phospholipids can form self organizing vesicles

46
Q

Glycogen

A

polymer of glucose monomers

more branches than starch with large stores in the liver and muscles

stored more densely in animals than plants due to animals being mobile

47
Q

Cellulose

A

polymer of glucose - not branched but similar to glucose and starch

stored in cell wall

48
Q

Chitin

A

polymer of glucose

glucose monomer having a nitrogen containing appendage - which can attach to other things

used for structural components of insects

49
Q

Nucleic acids

A

storage of chemical energy - ATP

intracellular signalling cAMP

full of ribose sugar

nucleotides are signalling molecules like ATP which then breaks down to ADP and denosine

nucleotides come from glycolisis

50
Q

Nucleic acid components

A

Ribose and nitrogeneous base

bonds formed via dehydration

oxygen missing from RNA compared to DNA

51
Q

Protiens

A

formed from amino acids - peptide bonds between them

range of amino acids

properties determine protein structure and function

52
Q

Peptide bonds

A

formed via dehydration

Carboxy and Amine group will extract water which = dehydration which is how these form

Hydrophobic will be found inside the protein and hydrophilic are found outside the protein

53
Q

Oxidation

A

the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion

54
Q

Hydrolysis

A

any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds

55
Q

Entropy

A

measure of the amount of energy which is unavailable to do work

56
Q

ΔG

A

Gibbs free energy, used to measure the max amount of work done in a system when the temp and pressure is kept consistent

57
Q

ΔS

A

change in entropy

58
Q

Anabolic

A

Building up

59
Q

Catabolic

A

breaking down

60
Q

Anhydride

A

chemical compound obtained, by the elimination of water from another compound

61
Q

ΔG

A

gibbs free energy

62
Q

Exergonic

A

energy is going out

63
Q

Endogonic

A

means the energy is coming in

64
Q

Catabolism stages

A
  1. Hydrolysis of complex molecules to their building blocks - hydrolyzing fats down in to fatty acids/amino acids, glycogen down to glucose
  2. conversion of building blocks to Acetyl CoA - this is made attaching it to co enzyme A which is used for many things like carrying carbon skeletons around
  3. Oxidation of Acetyl CoA passing this through the complex process of electron transport system oxidative phosphorylation coming out with lots of ATP
65
Q

ΔH - TΔS= ΔG

A

change in entropy - temperature x change in entropy =change in gibbs free energy

66
Q

Entropy

A

measure of thermal energy that is available for doing work

67
Q

Law one : Thermodynamics

A

energy can not be created or destroyed - it changes form
the universe is becoming increasingly disordered

the change in enthalpy is the sum of heat release + work done : ΔH = q + w

which is then : ΔH- TΔS= ΔG

68
Q

Law two : Thermodynamics

A

universe tends trend toward disorder

going to an increasing state of disorder is an increase in entropy

the most energy is used trying to hold on to non equilibrium

Non equilibrium is ordered as order has been forced on to it - this is low entropy

Equilibrium is less order and a high entropy

S is the symbol for entropy - entropy is a measure of chaos

the change in energy of a reaction (work and heat) - temperature x change in order = change in energy for a given reaction

69
Q

Gibbs Free energy

A

predicts whether a reaction occurs spontaneously (predicted)

predicting the max possible change in concentration between reactants and products

the more negative the delta g the more work that can be done

does not predict the reactions rate as this is determined by other factors

Biosci101 (1 decks)

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