Chemistry Flashcards
What does WHMIS stand for?
Workplace Hazardous Material Information System
What year was WHMIS created
1988
What is this symbol and risk indicating?
Flammable Material - for fire hazards
What is this symbol and risk indicating?
Flame over Circle - For oxidizing hazards
What is this symbol and risk indicating?
Gas Cylinder - For gases under pressure
What is this symbol and risk indicating?
Corrosion - For corrosive damage to metals, as well as skin, eyes, etc.
What is this symbol and risk indicating?
Skull with Crossbones - Can cause death or toxicity with short exposure to small amounts
What is this symbol and risk indicating?
Health Hazard - May cause or suspected of causing serious health effects
What is this symbol and risk indicating?
Exclamation Mark - May cause less serious health effects or damage the ozone layer
What is this symbol and risk indicating?
Environment - May cause damage to the aquatic environment
What is this symbol and risk indicating?
Biohazardous Infectious Material - For organisms or toxins that can cause diseases in people or animals
What is this symbol and risk indicating?
Explosion
How many and what are the chemical substance(s)?
3
Acid Substance
Base Substance
Neutral Substance
What color does the litmus paper turn into when dipped into an acidic substance?
Red
What color does the litmus paper turn into when dipped into a basic substance?
Blue
True or False: Acidic and basic substances both conduct electricity
True
True or False: Acidic and basic substances DO NOT neutralize each other
False
When is OH- a base?
Only when it is mixed with Non-Metals
What must OH- react with in order to make water (H2O)?
H+
True or False: Neutral substances conduct electricity
False
How can you determine a neutral substance?
If the substance has neither H+ or OH-
What is an Ionic compound?
A compound formed from metals and non-metals
What is a molecular compound?
A compound formed from only non-metals
What do combustion reactions produce?
CO2 and H2O
What does Fossil Fuels emit into the atmosphere
CO2
What does the CO2 emitted from Fossil Fuels absorb?
Heat/Thermal Energy
What happens when there is too much CO2 in the atmosphere?
The planet will trap more heat causing Earth to heat up
How is Carbon Monoxide (CO) made?
Limited oxygen during combustion reactions
How do people die from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?
CO attract hemoglobin from the red blood cells leaving minimal oxygen
How is Sulphur made?
When coal and natural gases are burned
What type of Sulphur is created when natural gas wells are able to release their gas into the air?
Sulphur dioxide and Sulphur trioxide
How is Sulphur dioxide and Sulphur trioxide made?
When hydrogen sulphides are released from natural gas wells and react with oxygen in the air
What also makes sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide?
Coal combustion
True or False: Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) does not react
False
What produces Sulphur NATURALLY?
Hot springs and volcanic outgassing
What produces Sulphur HUMAN-MADE?
coal-fired power plants, pulp and paper mills, refining crude oil, refining oil sands, refining metals and smelting, automobiles, etc.
True or False: Nitrogen is un-reactive
True
How is nitrogen produced?
Car engines, industrial buildings, furnaces, and anything else that produces oil and gas
How can nitrogen be produced NATURALLY?
Forest fires
How can nitrogen be made HUMAN-MADE?
Fossil fuel power plants, industrial and domestic furnaces, production of fertalizers, automobiles, etc.
True or False: Metals can also be found in the emissions of a combustion reaction
True
What can produce particulate matter?
Soot, smoke, cigarettes, ash
What can particulate matter cause?
Respiratory problems such as asthma
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Reliability - does not measure how accurate and valid the test is. Only repeats the same results
Validity - measures how accurate and valid the test is
What is a positive control?
Positive controls experiment with a known material that is known to produce results
What is a negative control?
Negative controls experiment with an unknown material that is not expected to produce results
What is an Acidic solution?
Contains HT
Is dissolved in water
Are CONDUCTIVE solutions
Behave like IONIC compounds when dissolved in water
As a solute, they are often MOLECULAR compounds
What did Arrhenius believe?
Acids form aqueous solutions that contain HYDROGEN IONS
Bases form aqueous solutions that contain HYDROXIDE IONS
If neither ion is present, the substance is NEUTRAL ionic or molecular
What is an Acid-Base reaction?
An acid-base reaction involves the movement of a hydrogen ion from an acid to a base
What happens when a Hydrogen ion (H+) is moved from an acid to a base and vice versa?
Giving up a hydrogen ion turns the acid into a conjugate base and gaining a hydrogen ion turns the base into a conjugate acid.
What is the Concentration of an Acid and a Base?
Concentration is the amount of substance in a solution, measured in mol/L
What is the strength in an acid or base?
strength depends on the amount of dissociation.
What happens to a strong acid such as H3O+?
Strong acids dissociate 100% in a solution which causes H3O+ to rise high and lower its PH
What happens to a weak acid such as Water?
Weak acids dissociate <100% which causes H2O to lower and raise its PH
What is PH?
Percent of Hydrogen
What do Concentrated solutions associate with?
particles per unit of water
What do Concentrated Solutions determine?
how quickly the solution will react/change
True or False: the PH scale can surpass 0 to 14
True
How can sulphur trioxide and nitrogen dioxide make an acidic substance?
When sulphur trioxide reacts with water
How does acid deposition form?
When carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and nitrous oxides react with water
True or False: Rain water is not acidic
False
How does acid rain occur naturally?
when water reacts with gases that occur naturally in the atmosphere
How are natural gases in the atmosphere produced?
forest fires, volcanic gas, erosion of carbonate based rockets, and the emissions of bacteria
What color does methyl violet start with
Yellow
What color does thymol blue with the lower PH start with
Red
What color does thymol blue start with
Yellow
What color does orange IV start with
Red
What color does bromothymol blue start with
Yellow
What color does phenol red start with
Yellow
What color does phenophthalein start with
Colorless
What color does thymophthalein start with
Colorless
What color does Alizarin Yellow R start with
Yellow
What does acid deposition increase?
Hydronium ion concentration
What minimalize acid deposition
Carbonate Ions
What is Buffering?
Buffers keep PH levels at a constant rate
What is Buffer capacity?
Buffer capacity is the amount of acid that can be buffered by soil or water
What minerals can Buffer?
Minerals in soils and H2O, carbonic acid and hydrogen carbonate can buffer
What do buffers release?
CO32- and HCO3-
True or False: Buffers can neutralize acids
True
Why is the ozone layer thin?
Chlorine
How can the ozone layer heal and thicken over time?
reduction of emissions by removing sulfur from coal and natural gas, reduce sulfur by stopping bacteria, and reduce combustion reactions and use pure O2
What else can heal and help thicken the ozone layer over time?
Reducing vehicle emissions, reduce sulfur, support non-polutting technologies, and recycling can help heal the ozone layer
True or False: CFC’s destroy the ozone layer
True
What are the consequences of Smog?
Smog hurts the ozone layer
Smog hurts people with respiratory problems and can be toxic at high concentrations
Smog at low concentrations irritate the eyes, nose, and throat
Smog break down plastic and rubber as well as react with VOC’s and NOx to make PAN which is a severe irritant to people
What is alkane?
When they have one single bond with a carbon atom
What is alkene?
When it has a bond with at least 2 carbon atoms
What is alkyne?
When it has a bond with at least three carbon atoms
What do hydrocarbons depend on?
the length of chain, the number of bonds, and side add-ons.
