Chemistry Flashcards

Question

how to do half cell calculations?

Answer 1

1. write out the balanced half reaction 2. use the molar ratio to convert the chemical amount of one substance to another 3. convert to the missing quantity ne = Vt/F v = amps t = time (s) F = 9.65 x 10^4

Answer 2

Step 1. Write down the unbalanced equation Step 2. Separate the redox reaction into half-reactions a) Assign oxidation numbers for each atom b) Identify and write out all redox couples in reaction c) Combine these redox couples into two half-reactions Step 3. Balance the atoms in each half reaction a) Balance all other atoms except H and O b) Balance the oxygen atoms with H2O c) Balance the hydrogen atoms with H+ d) In a basic medium, add one OH- to each side for every H+ Step 4. Balance the charge with e- Step 5: Make electron gain equivalent to electron loss in the half-reactions Step 6: Add the half-reactions together Step 7: Simplify the equation

Answer 3

carbonate ions CO3- carbides (carbon bonded to metal) oxides of carbon cyanide (CN)

Answer 4

1. molecular formula 2. structural formula (every bond) 3. condensed structural formula (bonds for carbons only) 4. line diagrams

Answer 5

alkanes -> only single carbon bonds, CnH2n+2, saturated alkenes -> double carbon bonds present, CnH2n, unsaturated alkynes -> triple carbon bonds present, CnH2n-2, unsaturated

Answer 6

1. Find the parent chain. Use the appropriate root and suffix. 2. Number the parent chain carbon atoms, starting from the end closest to the branch(es) so that the numbers are the lowest possible 3. Identify any branches and their location number on the parent chain (use the suffix–yl for branches) 4. If more than one of the same branch exist, use a multiplier(di,tri) to show this.Remember to include all numbers 5. If different branches exist, name them in alphabetical order 6. Separate numbers from numbers using commas, and numbers from words using dashes (no extra spaces)

Answer 7

1. Find the parent chain. It MUST contain the multiple bond. – Ifthe bond is a double, the suffix for the parent chain will be ‐ene – If the bond is a triple, the suffix for the parent chain will be –yne 2. Count carbon atoms so that the multiple bond will be on the lowest possible number. Indicate the number that the multiple bond falls on directly before the suffix 3. name branches as usual 4. if there is more then one double bond indicate both numbers where the double bond is formed, and change the suffix to –diene

Answer 8

Compound with ONLY the same molecular formula but different structures – They will have different chemical and physical properties–based on their different structures

Answer 9

- C6H6 - unreactive - aromatic - ring with alternating double bonds - when naming if it not the parent chain it is given the branch name "phenyl"

Answer 10

name like a regular branch but drop the ending of the halogen and replace with -o

Answer 11

A carboxyl group is composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and bonded to a hydroxyl group (‐COOH) - always at the end of the parent chain 1. Name the parent alkane 2. Replace the –e at the end of the name of than parent alkane with –oic acid 3. The carbon atoms of the carboxyl group is always given position number 1. Name and number the branches that are attached to the compound.

Answer 12

The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol produces an ester molecule and a molecule of water – This reaction is known as acondensation or esterification reaction The ester functional group –COO– is similar to that of a carboxylic acid, except that the H atom of the carboxyl group has been replaced by a hydrocarbon branch. – Esters are responsible for natural and artificial fragrance and flavourings in plants and fruits. butanoic acid + ethanol ==> ethyl butanoate + water

Answer 13

alkyl halides -- alkanes -- alkenes -- alkynes - boiling point goes up with number of carbons - more branching = less london dispersion, lower boiling point - all non polar, insoluble in water

Answer 14

alcohols -- carboxylic acids -- esters - high BP caused by Hbonds - same order for solubility - these 3 are higher then simple hydrocarbons

Answer 15

reaction of alkenes and alkynes with hydrogen gas, a halogen compound, or a hydrogen halide compound occurs fast hydrogenation alkene/kyne + H2 --> alkane

Answer 16

the breaking of a C--H bond in an alkane or aromatic ring and replacing it with another atom often substitutes a halogen for a hydrogen no change in saturation occurs slowly alkane + halide --> organic halide + hydrogenhalide

Answer 17

eliminating atoms or groups of atoms d decreasing saturation alkane craked into alkene by removing hydrogen gas removing water from ethanol to make ethene Alkyl halide reacts with a hydroxide ion (OH‐) to produce an alkene (dehydrohalogenation–removes a hydrogen and halogen atom)

Answer 18

always results in one product, the polymer • Requires unsaturated hydrocarbon monomers and bond saturation occurs when the polymer is made ethene (double bond) --> polyethene (single bonded polymer)

Answer 19

Monomers combine to form a polymer and a bi‐product. Each time a bond forms between monomers, small molecules, such as water, ammonia, or HCl are “condensed” out. • For condensation polymerization to occur, monomers must be bifunctional, meaning they have at least two functional groups. • If they only had one functional group, then only one bond would form.

Answer 20

When a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in an esterification reaction, a water molecule is eliminated and a single ester molecule is formed • This esterification reaction can be repeated so many esters are joined in a long chain… a polyester – This is created using a dicarboxylic acid (an acid with a carboxyl group at each end) and a diol (an alcohol with a hydroxyl group at each end) – The ester linkages are formed end to end between alternating acid and alcohol molecules

Answer 21

A fractional distallation tower contains trays positioned at various levels. • Heated crude oil enters near the bottom of the tower. • The bottom is kept hot, and the temperature gradually decreases toward the top of the tower. • As compounds cool to their boiling point, they condense in the cooler trays. The streams of liquid (called fractions) are withdrawn from the tower at various heights along the tower

Answer 22

1. Find the longest chain containing the hydroxy group (OH). If there is a chain with more carbons than the one containing the OH group it will be the subsitutent. 2. Give the OH on the lowest possible number for the chain. 3. When naming a cyclic structure, the -OH is assumed to be on the first carbon 4. When multiple -OH groups are on the cyclic structure, number the carbons on which the -OH groups reside. 5. Remove the final e from the parent alkane chain and add -ol. 6.When multiple alcohols are present use di, tri, et.c before the ol, after the parent name. ex. 2,3-hexandiol. If a carbonyl group is present, the -OH group is named with the prefix "hydroxy," with the carbonyl group attached to the parent chain name so that it ends with -al or -one.