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chemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Acid

A

a substance that produces a hydrogen ion in a solution

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2
Q

base

A

a substance that produces a hydroxide ion in a solution

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3
Q

Amphiprotic and examples

A

substances that can act as either an acid or a base

water, amino acids, hydrogen carbonate ion

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4
Q

pH scale

A

a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is

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5
Q

ionic compound

A

compounds that contain a cation (+) and a anion (-)

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6
Q

ionic bonding

A

a bond between a metal and a non-metal through the transfer of electrons

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7
Q

polyatomic ion

A

ions that contain more than one type of atom

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8
Q

collision theory

A

states that atoms, ions, and molecules must collide in order to react

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9
Q

factors affecting rates of reaction in collision theory

A

temp- heat speeds up molecules creating more kinetic energy, causing molecules to collide faster and more frequently than cold.

concentration- the molecules are closer together, meaning more molecules available that can react.

surface area- the larger the surface area, the more area exposed for collisions.

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10
Q

activation energy

A

Energy needed to get a reaction started

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11
Q

enthalpy

A

measure of heat energy stored in a substance

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12
Q

endothermic reactions

A

reactions where more heat energy is stored in the products than the reactants

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13
Q

exothermic reactions

A

reactions where more heat energy is stored in the reactants than the products

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14
Q

reaction of acid + metal

A

acid + metal -> salt + hydrogen(H2)

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15
Q

reaction of acid and metal hydroxide

A

acid + metal hydroxide= salt + H2O

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16
Q

reaction of acid + metal carbonate

A

acid + metal carbonate=salt + H2O + CO2

17
Q

do acids or bases donate protons

A

acids: donate protons
bases: accept protons

18
Q

explain acids

A

corrosive, sour taste

acids are lower than 7 on the pH scale

19
Q

explain bases

A

slippery on the skin, bitter taste, sometimes corrosive

bases are greater than 7 on the pH scale

20
Q

salt formed from:
HCl
H2SO4
HNO3

A

chloride
sulfate
nitrate

21
Q

Bronted-Lowery Theory

A

acids are proton donors while bases are proton acceptors.

proton= H+

22
Q

strength of a proton relies on

A

how easy it is to donate a proton.

strong acids donate protons very easily and ionize almost completely

23
Q

exothermic (draw as well)

A 
negative enthlapy (ΔH)
energy is released
24
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

positive enthlapy

energy is absorbed

25
Q

Activation energy

A

according to the collision theory, molecules must collide with appropriate amounts of energy to be successful, this required energy is called activation energy

26
Q

eg of exothermic reaction

A

combustion

27
Q

eg of endothermic reaction

A

chemical ice packs

28
Q

structures of first 5 hydrocarbons

A 
Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)
Pentane (C5H12)
29
Q

2 requirements for a collision to produce a successful chemical reaction

A

Sufficient energy- must have enough kinetic energy to break chemical bonds between the reactants and form new bonds in the products.
Correct orientation

30
Q

substances on the pH scale

A 
0- hydrochloric acid
1- stomach acid
2- lemon
3- vinegar
4- tomatoes
5-coffee
6- milk
7- water
8- seawater
9- baking soda
11- cleaning supplies
12- ammonia 
13- oven spary
14- sodium hydroxide/ caustic soda
31
Q

neutralisation

A

a reaction between an acid and a base where there is no excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions present in the solution

32
Q

ionisation

A

formation of ions

33
Q

what is a strong acid

A

strong acids donate hydrogen ions very easily and almost ionize fully in water

34
Q

concentration

A

concentration refers to the amount of molecules that are dissolved in a given volume of water.

35
Q

why do endothermic reactions feel cold to touch even though they increase in enthlapy

A

endothermic reactions absorb energy from their surroundings, resulting in a temperature drop> energy is used to break bonds in the reactants so the overall reaction takes in energy and therefore a temperature decrease in the surroundings.

36
Q

what is Hp and Hr

A

Hp- enthalpy of products

Hr- enthalpy of reactants

37
Q

general chemical equations combustion with a hydrocarbon/alkaline

A

(hydrocarbon) + O2 = CO2 + H2O

balance where necessary and add aq, s, l, g

38
Q

how do combustion of hydrocarbons enhance greenhouse effect

A

the products of hydrocarbon reactions are CO2 and H20 which are both greenhouse gasses, enhancing the amount of them in our atmosphere and therefore affecting and enhancing climate change

39
Q

using chemical equations, explain how an increase in atmospheric CO2 can lead to ocean acidification

A

CO2 + H2O = H2 CO3(acid)

the acid then reactants with shells in the ocean decreasing the pH in the ocean and leading to ocean acidification.

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