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A++ SPM Chemistry Definitions > Chemistrizz Terms > Flashcards

Chemistrizz Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Matter?

A

Something that has mass and occupies space

Matter is the substance of which physical objects are made.

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2
Q

What is Proton Number?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

The proton number defines the identity of an element.

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3
Q

What is Nucleon Number?

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

The nucleon number reflects the atomic mass of an element.

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4
Q

What are Isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Isotopes have similar chemical properties but different physical properties.

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5
Q

What is Natural Abundance?

A

Percentage of isotopes present in a natural sample of an element

Natural abundance affects the relative atomic mass of an element.

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6
Q

What is Relative Atomic Mass?

A

Average mass of an atom of the element compared to 1/12 of the mass of one carbon-12 atom

This is a dimensionless quantity.

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7
Q

What is Relative Molecular Mass?

A

Average mass of the molecule compared to 1/12 of the mass of one carbon-12 atom

It is calculated by summing the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms.

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8
Q

What is Relative Formula Mass?

A

Average mass of the ionic compound compared to 1/12 of the mass of one carbon-12 atom

This term is often used for ionic compounds.

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9
Q

What is the Avogadro Constant?

A

Number of particles contained in one mole of substance that is 6.02 x 10^23 mol^-1

This constant is crucial for converting between moles and number of particles.

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10
Q

What is Molar Mass?

A

Mass of one mol of a substance

Molar mass is expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).

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11
Q

What is Molar Volume?

A

Volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas

At standard temperature and pressure, this is approximately 22.4 liters.

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12
Q

What is a Chemical Formula?

A

Representation of a chemical substance using alphabets to represent the atoms and subscript numbers to show the number of each type of atoms

It conveys the composition of a compound.

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13
Q

What is an Empirical Formula?

A

Chemical formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of the number of atoms of each element in a compound

Example: The empirical formula for glucose (C6H12O6) is CH2O.

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14
Q

What is a Molecular Formula?

A

Chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element found in a molecule of a compound

It provides more specific information than the empirical formula.

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15
Q

What is the Modern Periodic Table of Elements?

A

A form of systems classification of elements in ascending order of proton numbers from left to right and from top to bottom

This arrangement reflects the periodic law.

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16
Q

What are Groups in the Periodic Table?

A

Vertical columns in the Periodic Table of Elements

Elements in the same group often exhibit similar chemical properties.

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17
Q

What are Periods in the Periodic Table?

A

Horizontal rows in the Periodic Table of Elements

Each period corresponds to the principal energy level of the electrons.

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18
Q

What are Hydrogen Bonds?

A

Attractive forces between a hydrogen atom bonded with an atom of high electronegativity and another electronegative atom

Commonly found in water and biological molecules.

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19
Q

What is a Dative bond?

A

A type of covalent bond where the electron pair that is shared comes from one atom only

Also known as a coordinate bond.

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20
Q

What are Acids?

A

Chemical substances that ionize in water to produce hydrogen ions

Acids can vary in strength and concentration.

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21
Q

What is Basicity?

A

Number of hydrogen ions that can be produced by an acid molecule that ionizes in water

This indicates the strength of the acid.

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22
Q

What is an Alkali?

A

Substance that reacts with acids to produce salt and water only

Alkalis are usually soluble bases.

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23
Q

What is pH?

A

Logarithmic measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution

pH values range from 0 to 14, with lower values indicating higher acidity.

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24
Q

What is a Strong Acid?

A

An acid that ionizes completely in water to produce a high concentration of hydrogen ions

Examples include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.

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25
Q

What is a Weak Acid?

A

An acid that ionizes partially in water to produce a low concentration of hydrogen ions

Examples include acetic acid and citric acid.

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26
Q

What is a Strong Alkali?

A

An alkali that ionizes completely in water to produce a high concentration of hydroxide ions

Examples include sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.

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27
Q

What is a Weak Alkali?

A

An alkali that ionizes partially in water to produce a low concentration of hydroxide ions

Examples include ammonia.

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28
Q

What is Concentration?

A

A measurement that shows the quantity of solute dissolved in a unit volume of solution

Concentration can be expressed in various units, including molarity.

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29
Q

What is Concentration in g dm^-3?

A

Mass of solute found in 1 dm³ solution

This unit is commonly used in chemistry to express concentration.

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30
Q

What is the Heat of Displacement?

A

Heat change when one mole of s is displaced from its salt solution by a more electropositive metal.

This process involves the exchange of ions in a solution.

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31
Q

What is the Heat of Neutralisation?

A

Heat change when one mole of water is formed from the reaction between an acid and an alkali.

This reaction typically involves the formation of water and a salt.

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32
Q

What is the Heat of Combustion?

A

Heat released when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in excess oxygen.

This measurement is important for understanding the energy content of fuels.

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33
Q

What is a Fuel?

A

Substances that burn in the air to produce heat energy.

Fuels can be solids, liquids, or gases.

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34
Q

What is the Fuel Value of a Fuel?

A

Amount of heat energy released when one gram of fuel is completely burnt in excess oxygen.

This value helps determine the efficiency of different fuels.

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35
Q

Define Polymer.

A

Long chain molecule that is made from a combination of many repeating basic units.

Polymers can be natural or synthetic.

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36
Q

What is a Monomer?

A

Basic unit of a polymer.

Monomers link together to form polymers through chemical reactions.

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37
Q

What are Natural Polymers?

A

Polymers that are naturally available and can be obtained from our surroundings.

Examples include cellulose, proteins, and natural rubber.

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38
Q

What are Synthetic Polymers?

A

Polymers that are man-made through chemical reactions in laboratories or factories.

Examples include nylon, polyester, and polystyrene.

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39
Q

What are Thermoplastic Polymers?

A

Polymers that can be repeatedly remoulded upon heating and can be recycled.

Common examples include polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

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40
Q

What are Thermosetting Polymers?

A

Polymers that cannot be remoulded after heating.

These polymers are typically used in applications requiring durability.

41
Q

What are Elastomer Polymers?

A

Polymers that can be stretched and can return to their original shape when released.

They are commonly used in rubber products.

42
Q

What is Vulcanisation?

A

Process of producing rubber that is more elastic and with better quality through the production of cross-links between polymer chains.

This process enhances the strength and elasticity of rubber.

43
Q

Define Synthetic Rubber.

A

Synthetic polymer that is elastic in nature or elastomer polymer.

Common types include styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and neoprene.

44
Q

What are Oils and Fats?

A

Esters produced through the reaction between fatty acids and glycerol (propan-1,2,3-triol).

These compounds are used in cooking and food preservation.

45
Q

What are Soaps?

A

Sodium or potassium fatty acid salts.

Soaps are used as cleaning agents due to their ability to emulsify oils.

46
Q

What are Detergents?

A

Sodium salts of sulphonic acids.

Detergents are synthetic cleaning agents that work in hard water.

47
Q

What are Food Additives?

A

Natural or synthetic ingredients added to food to prevent damage or to improve the appearance, taste, or texture.

Examples include preservatives, colorants, and flavor enhancers.

48
Q

What are Medicines?

A

Chemical used to help with the treatment or prevention of diseases.

Medicines can be prescription or over-the-counter.

49
Q

What are Cosmetics?

A

Materials or products that are used externally to cleanse, protect, or enhance one’s appearances.

This category includes skincare, makeup, and haircare products.

50
Q

What is Nanoscience?

A

Study on processing of substances of nanoscale that are between 1 nanometer to 100 nanometers.

This field explores properties and applications of materials at the nanoscale.

51
Q

What is Nanotechnology?

A

Development of substances or gadgets using the properties of nanoparticles.

Applications include medicine, electronics, and materials science.

52
Q

What is Green Technology?

A

Technology or application developed to minimize the negative effects of harmful human activities.

This includes renewable energy sources and sustainable practices.

53
Q

What is Wastewater?

A

Liquid waste that consists of human waste, food waste, oil, and chemicals.

Treatment is necessary to prevent environmental contamination.

54
Q

What is Effluent?

A

Waste in the liquid form discharged into the drainage system or water source.

Effluent must be treated to meet environmental regulations.

55
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Chemical reaction where oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.

56
Q

Define electropositivity.

A

Tendency of atoms to release electrons to form cations.

57
Q

What is the electrochemical series?

A

Series of metal arrangements according to the standard electrode potential in the order of most negative to most positive.

58
Q

What does electrode potential refer to?

A

Potential difference produced when an equilibrium is established between metal M and the aqueous solution containing metal M+ ions in a half-cell.

59
Q

Describe a simple chemical cell.

A

Two different metal plates are dipped into an electrolyte and connected with connecting wires.

60
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Substances that can conduct electricity in either the molten state or aqueous solution and undergo chemical changes.

61
Q

What are non-electrolytes?

A

Substances that cannot conduct electricity in all states.

62
Q

Define conductor in the context of electricity.

A

Substances that conduct electricity in solid or molten state, but do not undergo chemical changes.

63
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

Process whereby compounds in the molten state, or an aqueous solution decompose into their constituent elements by passing electricity through them.

64
Q

What is corrosion of metal?

A

Redox reaction where the metal is oxidized spontaneously when the metal atoms release electrons to form metal ions.

65
Q

What are carbon compounds?

A

Compounds that contain carbon as their constituent element.

66
Q

Define organic compound.

A

Compounds originating from living things that contain the carbon element bonded covalently with other elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.

67
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Compounds originating from non-living materials such as oxides of carbon, carbonate compounds, and cyanide compounds.

68
Q

Fill in the blank: Organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon are called _______.

A

Hydrocarbon

69
Q

What are non-hydrocarbons?

A

Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen and other elements, such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or halogens.

70
Q

Define saturated hydrocarbon.

A

Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between carbon atoms.

71
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond or triple bond between carbon atoms.

72
Q

What is cracking in chemistry?

A

Process of breaking long chain hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons.

73
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

Chemical formula that shows the type and actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

74
Q

Define structural formula.

A

Chemical formula that shows the type of bond and how the atoms in a molecule are bonded to each other.

75
Q

What is structural isomerism?

A

Phenomenon where a compound has the same molecular formula but with two or more different structural formulas.

76
Q

Fill in the blank: Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula are called _______.

A

Isomers

77
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

Isomers that have different arrangements of carbon chains; either straight chain or branched chain.

78
Q

Define position isomerism.

A

Isomers that have different positions of functional groups on the same carbon chain.

79
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

Chemical reactions that release heat to surrounding.

80
Q

True or False: An endothermic reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings.

A

True

81
Q

What is the heat of reaction?

A

Heat change of one mole of reactant that reacts or one mole of product that is formed.

82
Q

What is the heat of precipitation?

A

Heat change when one mole of precipitate is formed from their ions in an aqueous solution.

83
Q

What is the definition of “Concentration in mol dm³”?

A

Number of moles of solute found in 1 dm³ solution.

84
Q

What is a “Standard Solution”?

A

A solution with a known concentration

85
Q

What happens during “Neutralization”?

A

A: A reaction between an acid and an alkali to produce salt and water only.

86
Q

What is “Titration”?

A

A: A qualitative analysis method to determine the volume of acid needed to completely neutralize a given volume of alkali and vice versa.

87
Q

What is the “End Point” in titration?

A

A: The point in titration at which the acid-base indicator changes color.

88
Q

Q: What is a “Salt”?

A

A: An ionic compound formed when the hydrogen ion from the acid is replaced with the metal ion or the ammonium ion.

89
Q

Q: What are “Soluble Salts”?

A

A: Salts that dissolve in water at room temperature.

90
Q

Q: What are “Insoluble Salts”?

A

A: Salts that do not dissolve in water at room temperature.

91
Q

Q: What is “Qualitative Analysis”?

A

A: A technique used to identify the cation and anion present in a salt by analyzing its physical and chemical properties.

92
Q

Q: What is the “Rate of Reaction”?

A

A: Changes in quantity of the reactant per unit time or changes in quantity of product per unit time.

93
Q

Q: What is the “Average Rate of Reaction”?

A

A: The average value for the rate of reaction that occurs in a particular time interval.

94
Q

Q: What is the “Instantaneous Rate of Reaction”?

A

A: The rate of reaction at a particular point of time.

95
Q

Q: What is an “Alloy”?

A

A: A mixture of two or more elements where the main element is a metal.

96
Q

Q: What is a “Ceramic”?

A

A: A solid made up of inorganic and non-metallic substances.

97
Q

0: What are “Composite Materials”?

A

A: Materials made from combining two or more non-homogeneous substances, consisting of a matrix substance and a strengthening substance.

98
Q

0: What are “Composite Materials”?

A

A: Materials made from combining two or more non-homogeneous substances, consisting of a matrix substance and a strengthening substance.

A++ SPM Chemistry Definitions (2 decks)

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