Chemical Thermodynamics Flashcards
Collection of matter within prescribed and identifiable boundaries. Either an open one, or a closed one, referring to whether mass transfer or does not take place across the boundary.
ANSWER: System
Is usually restricted to those particles of matter external to the system which may be affected by changes within the system, and the surroundings themselves may form another system.
ANSWER: Surroundings
A physical or imaginary surface, enveloping the system and separating it from the surroundings.
ANSWER: Boundary
Is any quantity whose changes are defined only by the end states and by the process.
ANSWER: Property
The normal force exerted per unit area of the surface within the system.
ANSWER: Pressure
Is the degree of hotness or coldness of the system.
ANSWER: Temperature
The property of a system covering all forms of energy arising from the internal structure of the substance.
ANSWER: Internal Energy
A property of the system conveniently defined as h = u + PV where u is the internal energy.
ANSWER: Enthalpy
The microscopic disorder of the system. It is an extensive equilibrium property.
ANSWER: Entropy
Is the state of the substance such as solid, liquid, or gas.
ANSWER: Phase
It is possible that phases may be mixed, eg ice + water, water + vapour etc.
ANSWER: Mixed Phase
The ratio of the mass of pure vapour present to the total mass of the mixture (liquid and vapour).
ANSWER: Dryness Fraction (x)
Is a vapour whose dryness fraction is equal to zero. It has a quality of 100% or a dryness fraction of one.
ANSWER: Saturated State
A gas when its temperature at a given pressure is greater than the saturated temperature at that pressure, ie the gas has been heated beyond its saturation temperature.
ANSWER: Superheated Vapour
The difference between the actual temperature of a given vapour and the saturation temperature of the vapour at a given pressure.
ANSWER: Degree of Superheat
Is described as undercooled when its temperature at a given pressure is lower than the saturated temperature at that pressure, ie the liquid has been cooled below its saturation temperature.
ANSWER: Subcooled Liquid
The difference between the saturation temperature and the actual temperature of the liquid is a given pressure.
ANSWER: Degree of Subcool
A state point in which all solid, liquid, and vapour phases coexist in equilibrium.
ANSWER: Triple Point
A state point at which transitions between liquid and vapour phases are not clear.
ANSWER: Critical Point
A thermodynamic process wherein there is no heat transfer from or to the fluid.
ANSWER: Adiabatic
A thermodynamic process wherein there is no change in temperature of the fluid.
ANSWER: Isothermal
A thermodynamic process wherein there is no change in volume of the fluid.
ANSWER: Isochoric
A thermodynamic process wherein there is no change in entropy of the fluid.
ANSWER: Isentropic
A thermodynamic process wherein there is no change in pressure of the fluid.
ANSWER: Isobaric
A thermodynamic process wherein there is no change in enthalpy of the fluid.
ANSWER: Isenthalpic
Self-ignition would occur in the engine using certain brand of petrol if the temperature due to compression reached 350°C. Calculate the highest ratio of compression that may be used to avoid pre-ignition if the law of compression is
PV 1.3 = c
PV 1.4 = c
Calculate the final pressure in each case. Assume inlet condition of 27°C and 1bar.
ANSWER: Pi=23.5 bar; Pii= 12.8 bar
Calculate the density of Ethane at 171 bar and 458K; assume for Ethane:
Tc=305 K
Pc=48.80 bar
R = 319.3 J/kg-K
Assuming it behaves as a perfect gas
ANSWER: ρ =117 kg / m3
Find the specific volume for H2O at 10 MPa and 500°C using: Compressibility chart
ANSWER: V = 0.032 m3/kg
Determine the pressure of water vapour at 300°C, if its specific volume is 0.2579 m3/kg, using the following methods:
a) Ideal gas equation
b) Van-der-Waals equations
ANSWER: P(ideal) = 1.025 MPa ; P(vdw)= 1.006 MPa
An unknown gas has a mass of 1.5 kg contained in a bottle of volume 1.17 m3 while at a temperature of 300 K, and a pressure of 200 kPa. Determine the ideal gas constant and deduce the gas?
ANSWER: R= 520 J/kg-K M= 15.99
A 6 m3 tank contains helium at 400K is evacuated form atmospheric pressure of 100kPa to a final pressure of 2.5kPa.
Determine
a) the mass of helium remaining in the tank;
b) the mass of helium pumped out;
c) if the temperature of the remaining helium falls to 10oC, what is the pressure in kPa?
ANSWER: a) 0.018 kg b) 0.722 c) 1763 Pa
A motorist equips his automobile tyres with a relief-type valve so that the pressure inside the tyre will never exceed 220 kPa (gauge). He starts the trip with a pressure of 200 kPa (gauge) and a temperature of 23oC in the tyres. During the long drive the temperature of the air in the tyres reaches 83oC. Each tyre contains 0.11 kg of air. Determine:
a) the mass of air escaping each tyre,
b) the pressure of the air inside the tyre when the temperature returns to 23oC.
ANSWER: a) 0.0094 kg b) 183 kPa
300 kg/minute of steam at 3 MPa and 400oC is supplied to a steam turbine. determine the potential heat released from steam if it is condensed at constant pressure. Can you deduce the specific heat of the steam under this condition?
ANSWER:Q= 2133.5 kW; Cp=4.18 kJ/kg-K
Self-ignition would occur in an engine using certain brand of petrol if the temperature due to compression reaches 350 oC; when the inlet condition is 1 bar, 27oC.
Calculate the highest compression ratio possible in order to avoif self-ignition, if the compression is according to
a) adiabatic, with index of 1.4; and
b) polytropic, with index of 1.3
ANSWER: a) 6.2 b) 11.4
The gas in an internal combustion engine, initially at a temperature of 1270oC; expands polytropically to five times its initial volume and one-eights its initial pressure. Calculate:
a) the index of expansion, n, and
b) the final temperature.
ANSWER: a) 1.292 b) 689K
Determine using Steam Tables, the volume occupied by 2 kg of steam at 500 kPa, under the following conditions and specify the state of steam.
a) pure liquid state
b)when it is in a pure vapour state
c) 20% moisture content
d) 20% dry.
ANSWER: a) 0.00218m3 b) 0.7498m3 c)0.557m3 d)0.152m3
The model ‘6SE-TCA3 Perkins’ diesel engine have a stroke of 190 mm and a bore of 160 mm. If its clearance volume is 5% of the swept volume, determine the pressure and temperature at the end of compression when the inlet condition is 1 bar, 27oC.
ANSWER: P= 67.2 bar T=956k
A closed rigid container has a volume of 1 m3 and holds air at 345 kPa and 20 °C. Heat is added until temperature is 327 °C. Determine the change in Internal Energy:-
a.) Using an average value of the specific heat.
b.) Taking into account the variation of specific heat with temperature.
ANSWER: a.) ΔU = 932 kJ; b.) ΔU = 1018.7 kJ