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Biology 227 > Chemical Signaling > Flashcards

Chemical Signaling Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemical Signaling: Direct vs. Indirect

A

direct: via gap junctions
indirect: via chemical messengers

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2
Q

When does a target cell respond to chemical messenger?

A

when the messenger binds to a receptor in or on the target cell.

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3
Q

Define specificity.

A

a receptor binds to only specific chemical messengers

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4
Q

Name the ways of controlling chemical signal secretion and how they work.

A

humoral: substance in ECF acts on a secretory cell
neural: a neuron acts on a secretory cell
hormonal: a hormone acts on a secretory cell

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5
Q

How is a chemical response terminated?

A

enzymes catabolize ligands/chemical signals

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6
Q

Name the patterns of chemical messenger secretion.

A

chronic/constant secretion
acute secretion
cyclic secretion

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7
Q

Chronic/Constant Secretion

A

secretion is constant over time

example: thyroid hormones

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8
Q

Acute Secretion

A

secretion rises and falls as needed

example: epinephrine (adrenaline)

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9
Q

Cyclic Secretion

A

secretion rises and falls over time in a predictable manner

example: female reproductive hormones

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10
Q

Functional vs Chemical Classifications of Chemical Messengers

A

functional: means by which messengers travel from secretory to target cell an/or types of responses
chemical: the chemical structure and solubility

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11
Q

Neurotransmitters: What are they released by and how do they travel to the target cell?

A
  • chemical messengers secreted by neurons

- travel through ECF a short distance to target cell

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12
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

it’s a space that separates pre- and post- synaptic cells

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13
Q

Hormones: What are they released by and how do they travel to the target cell?

A
  • chemical messengers released by endocrine organs

- travel to target via the circulation (travel much longer)

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14
Q

Neurohormones: What are they released by and how do they travel to the target cell?

A

manufactured and released by neurons but travel via the circulation

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15
Q

Paracrine and Autocrine: How do they travel to target cells and what type of target cell do they bind to?

A

travel short distances but may use circulation to travel

  • paracrine: target cell is different as secretory cell (cytokine)
  • autocrine: target cell is the same as secretory cell (thromboxane)
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16
Q

Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic Messengers

A

hydrophilic: easily dissolve in water
- polar
- lipophobic

hydrophobic: do not easily dissolve in water and must be transported by carrier proteins
- non-polar
- lipophilic

17
Q

Steroids

A
  • synthesized from cholesterol
  • hydrophobic, lipophilic
    examples: testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, aldosterone
18
Q

Eicosanoids

A
  • synthesized from arachidonic acid
  • hydrophobic, lipophilic
    examples: prostaglandins
19
Q

Amino Acids

A
  • building blocks of protein
  • hydrophilic, lipophobic
    examples: glutamate, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid
20
Q

Proteins and Peptides

A
  • composed of chains of amino acids
  • hydrophilic, lipophobic
    examples: parathyroid hormones
21
Q

Proteins vs. Peptides: How many amino acids in the chains they are consisted of?

A

proteins: consist of chains of at least 50 amino acids
peptides: consist of chains of less than 50 amino acids

22
Q

Amines

A
  • derived from amino acids
  • hydrophilic, lipophobic
    examples: epinephrine, serotonin, thyroid hormones (hydrophobic/lipophilic), histamine
23
Q

What determines the strength of a cellular response?

A

the number of receptors bound to messenger

24
Q

What factors influence the number of receptors activated?

A
  1. messenger concentration
  2. binding affinity
  3. receptor density
25
Q

How does messenger concentration affect the strength of the cellular response?

A

by increasing the messenger concentration, the percentage of receptors bound increases

26
Q

Define Saturation

A

when 100% of receptors are bound

27
Q

What is binding affinity and how does it affect the strength of the cellular response?

A

it is the strength of binding to a certain chemical messenger.

the higher the affinity, the greater percentage of receptors that will bind to the messenger.

28
Q

How does receptor density affect the strength of a cellular response?

A

As the density of receptors increases, the total number of receptors that can be bound for a given concentration of messenger increases

29
Q

Down-regulation vs. Up-regulation

A

down: decrease in receptors
up: increase in receptors

30
Q

Name an example of a paracrine.

A

cytokines: chemical messengers used by the immune system

31
Q

Name an example of a autocrine.

A

thromboxane: released by platelets during hemostasis

32
Q

Define Antagonism.

A

different chemical signals producing opposing effects

33
Q

Define Synergism (Agonism).

A

different chemical signals producing the same effects

34
Q

Define Permissiveness.

A

one chemical signal acts on a cell causing a change in the ability of the cell to respond to a different chemical signal.

35
Q

Define Anatomic Antagonism/Synergism.

A

different chemical signals bind to the same type of receptor.

36
Q

Anatomic Antagonists vs. Anatomic Synergists

A

antagonists: blockers/inhibitors; compete for bonding to the same receptors and prevent their activation
synergists: mimics; promotion of the action of the messenger by activating the same receptor.

37
Q

Physiologic Antagonism/Synergism

A

different chemical signals bind to different types of receptors

38
Q

Physiologic Antagonists vs. Physiological Synergists

A

antagonists: bind to different receptors on cells, producing opposing physiological reactions
synergists: bind to different receptors on cells, producing the same physiological reactions

Biology 227 (1 decks)

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