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behavioural neuroscience > chemical regulation of behaviour (EM) > Flashcards

chemical regulation of behaviour (EM) Flashcards

1
Q

Name 8 neurotransmitters

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Noradrenaline
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • GABA
  • Acetylcholine
  • Glutamate
  • Endorphins
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2
Q

What is adrenaline?

A
  • Fight or flight neurotransmitter
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3
Q

When is adrenaline produced?

A
  • Produced in stressful/exciting situations
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4
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A
  • Increases heart rate and blood flow , which leads to a physical boost and heightened awareness
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5
Q

What is noradrenaline?

A
  • Concentration neurotransmitter
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6
Q

What does noradrenaline affect and what is it involved in?

A
  • Attention and responding actions in the brain

- Involved in fight or flight response

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7
Q

What does noradrenaline do?

A
  • Contracts blood vessels, increasing blood flow.
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8
Q

What is dopamine?

A
  • Pleasure neurotransmitter
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9
Q

What does dopamine cause?

A
  • Feelings of pleasure, addiction, movement and motivation
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10
Q

What does dopamine lead to/

A
  • People repeating the behaviours that cause the body to produce dopamine, this has positive and negative aspects
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11
Q

What is serotonin?

A
  • Mood neurotransmitter
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12
Q

What does serotonin do?

A
  • Contributes to wellbeing and happiness
  • Helps the sleep cycle
  • Aids in digestive system regulation
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13
Q

What is serotonin affected by?

A
  • Exercise

- Light exposure

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14
Q

What is GABA?

Bonus points if you name what GABA stands for

A
  • Gamma aminobutyric acid

- Calming neurotransmitter

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15
Q

What does GABA do?

A
  • Calms firing nerves in the CNS

- Contributes to motor control and vision

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16
Q

What do high levels of GABA cause?

A
  • Improvement of focus
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17
Q

What do low levels of GABA cause?

A
  • Anxiety
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18
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A
  • Learning neurotransmitter
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19
Q

What is acetylcholine involved in?

A
  • Thought
  • Learning
  • Memory
  • Attention
  • Awakening
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20
Q

What does acetylcholine do?

A
  • Activates muscle action within the body
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21
Q

What is glutamate?

A
  • Memory neurotransmitter

- (Most common neurotransmitter)

22
Q

What is is glutamate involved in?

A
  • Learning

- Memory

23
Q

What does glutamate do?

A
  • Regulates development and creation of nerve contacts
24
Q

What are endorphins?

A
  • Euphoria neurotransmitters
25
Q

When are endorphins released?

A
  • Exercise
  • Excitement
  • Sex
26
Q

What do endorphins do?

A
  • produce a sense of wellbeing and euphoria which reduces pain
27
Q

Name some advances made in neuroscience

A
  • The development of optogenetic methods in neuroscience
  • Utility of using optogenetics to study behaviour
  • Use of optogenetic methods to study neurotransmitter systems in the brain
28
Q

Where does eating/appetite originate from in the brain?

A
  • Hypothalamus

- Arcuate nucleus

29
Q

Where does fear originate from in the brain?

A
  • Amydala
30
Q

Where does stress/anxiety originate from in the brain

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • pituitary circulation
  • CRH
31
Q

What is CHR?
What is the function of CHR?
How many amino acids does it consist of?
Where is it secreted from?

A
  • Neuropeptide hormone
  • Regulates neuroendocrine, sympathetic, and behavioural functions in response to stress.
  • 41 amino acids
  • Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and hypothalamus
32
Q

What excites neuroscientists about optogenetics?

A
  • Control over defines events within defines cell types at defined times
33
Q

State the definition of optogenetics

A
  • The combination of genetics and optics to control well defines events within specific cells of living tissue.
34
Q

What does optogenetics include?

A
  • The insertion in cells of genes that confer light responsiveness
  • Technologies for delivering light deep into the brains of freely moving mammals, for targeting light sensitivity to cells of interest and for assessing specific readouts/effects of this optical control.
35
Q

What are channelrhodopsins?

A
  • Nonspecific cation channels that depolarize upon blue light illumination. These light-gated ion channels (chromophore, vit-A) were isolated from green microalgae of the genus, Chlamydomonas. Structurally, they have a seven-transmembrane region and a C-terminal extension.
  • They serve as sensory photo receptors in uni-cellular green algae , controlling phototaxis ( movement in response to light)
  • A sub family of retinylidene proteins.
36
Q

Name the two channelrhodopsins found in the algae species ‘Chlamydomonas reinhardtii’.

A
  • Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1)

- Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)

37
Q

How do channelrhodopsins function in algae?

A
  • As visual proteins directing the algae towards/away from a light source, or to find light conditions that are optimal for photosynthetic growth
38
Q

What does light absorption trigger, in relation to CHR?

A
  • A subsequent conformational change of the protein and gating of the channel.
39
Q

Describe the method for manipulating specific neuronal populations using light
(the basis of optogenetics)

A

1 - Piece together the genetic construct (transgene)
2 - Package construct into virus
3 - Inject virus into brain structure

40
Q

How long does it take for ChR2 to be expressed fully in transduced neurons?

A
  • 2 weeks
41
Q

What is AAV ( adeno associated virus)?

A
  • A group of small viruses that belong to the genus dependoparvovirus
42
Q

Is AAV biologically non inert or inert?

A
  • On its own AAV is biologically inert
43
Q

Is AAV a replicating or non replicating virus?

A
  • Non replicating
44
Q

What is transduction?

A
  • The process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector
45
Q

List the method of a transduction.

A

1 - Specific genes of an invasive virus are removed and replaced by a transgene of interest. ( For example ‘ChR2 transgene’)

2 - Virus is injected into the brain

3 - The virus penetrates the nucleus and inserts the transgene into the cells DNA

4 - The transgene is transcribed and the target protein (for example , ChR2 protein’ is synthesised.

46
Q

Do transduced neurons respond to light?

Neurons expressing ChR2

A
  • Yes

- EXTRA INFO - Each pulse of blue light causes the neuron to fire

47
Q

Neurons that don’t express ChR2 respond to light (T/F)

A
  • False

- EXTRA INFO - Each pulse of blue light does not cause the neuron to fire.

48
Q

What is halorhodopsin?

A
  • A light-gated ion channel that is permeable to chloride.
49
Q

What is the ultimate goal when using optogenetics to study behaviour?

A
  • To study the casual relationships between the activity of targeted brain pathways and the behaviour they may regulate or control.
50
Q

What is the physiological function of the amygdala?

A
  • Emotional memory
  • Fear
  • Regulating hippocampal function
51
Q

What does the amygdala comprise of?

A
  • The basolateral complex
52
Q

What does the basolateral complex comprise of?

A
  • Lateral nuclei
  • Basal nuclei
  • Accessory basal nuclei

behavioural neuroscience (1 decks)

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