Chemical Reactions and Aqueous Solutions

Question 1

Reactants rearrange to form what

Answer 1

products

Question 2

Chemical formulas

Answer 2

tell you what happens during the reaction

Question 3

Coefficients

Answer 3

tell you in what proportions the reaction occurs

Question 4

Information in parentheses signifies

Answer 4

the physical state of the element

Question 5

Common states

Answer 5

solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), and aqueous (aq)

Question 6

Reaction conditions

Answer 6

factors necessary for a reaction to occur

Question 7

combination (synthesis) reactions

Answer 7

start with simple reactants that combine to form a single more complex product

Question 8

Decomposition reactions

Answer 8

occur when a single reactant breaks down into less complex products

Question 9

Single-replacement reactions

Answer 9

occur when an element reacts with a compound and displaces one of the elements in that compound, producing a new compound and a new element

Question 10

Double-replacement reactions

Answer 10

two ionic compounds exchange ions to form two new compounds

Question 11

Acid

Answer 11

type of compound usually written with H at the beginning of its formula

Question 12

base

Answer 12

a type of compound often written with OH at the end of its formula (many bases are hydroxide compounds)

Question 13

Combustion reactions

Answer 13

the rapid combination of a substance with oxygen

Question 14

enthalpy

Answer 14

heat energy

Question 15

randomness

Answer 15

entropy

Question 16

enthalpy and entropy are examples of

Answer 16

driving forces (in aqueous solutions)

Question 17

precipitation reactions

Answer 17

double-replacement reactions that form lower energy solid ionic compounds

Question 18

Neutralization

Answer 18

the driving force for acid-base reactions that produce salt (and usually water)

Question 19

oxidation-reduction

Answer 19

single-replacement, synthesis, and decomposition reactions transfer electrons to form lower energy products

Question 20

Soluble

Answer 20

a solid compound that readily dissolves in water

Question 21

electrolytes

Answer 21

substances that, when dissolved in water, conduct electricity

Question 22

strong electrolytes

Answer 22

ionic compounds that dissociate 100% to produce solutions that conduct electricity readily

Question 23

nonelectrolytes

Answer 23

molecular compounds that dissolve in water that do not conduct electricity

Question 24

strong acids

Answer 24

ionize 100% and are strong electrolytes

Question 25

strong acids

Answer 25

HCl (hydrocloric), HBr (hydrobromic), HI (hydroionic), NHO3 (nitric), NClO4 (perchloric), HClO4 (chloric), H2SO4 (sulfuric)

Question 26

Weak Acids

Answer 26

all acids that aren't strong acids; ionize only partially in water

Question 27

weak electrolytes

Answer 27

weak acids that conduct electricity only slightly

Question 28

strong bases

Answer 28

ionic compounds containing hydroxide ions, dissociate 100% in water, strong electrolytes

Question 29

weak bases

Answer 29

molecular compounds; react with water to a small extent to produce hydroxide ions in water; weak electrolytes

Question 30

strong electrolyte types

Answer 30

ionic (salts), ionic (strong bases), strong acids

Question 31

weak electrolyte types

Answer 31

weak acids, weak bases

Question 32

nonelectrolyte type

Answer 32

molecular (most)

Question 33

spectator ions

Answer 33

do not participate in the reaction

Question 34

acid-base reactions

Answer 34

hydrogen from the acid combines with hydroxide from the base to form water, while the remaining ions form a salt

Question 35

redox reactions involve the transfer of

Answer 35

electrons

Question 36

oxidation states (numbers)

Answer 36

used to keep track of the electron transfer

Question 37

Neutral elements not part of a compound have an oxidation state of

Answer 37

0

Question 38

monoatomic ions have oxidation states equal to

Answer 38

their ionic charges

Question 39

the sum of the oxidation states in any formula

Answer 39

equal to the overall charge of the formula

Question 40

loses electrons

Answer 40

oxidized, reducing agent

Question 41

gains electrons

Answer 41

reduced, oxidizing agent