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Poo Poo Bio > CHEMICAL REACTIONS > Flashcards

CHEMICAL REACTIONS Flashcards

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1
Q

Preparation of an Alkene can occur from?

A

An alcohol or alkyl halide

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2
Q

What is the reagent for alkene preparation from an alcohol?

A

H2SO4 (a dehydrating agent)

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3
Q

What is the reagent for alkene preparation from an alkyl halide?

A

KOH (or similar)

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4
Q

The saytzeff rule applies to?

A

Alkene preparation from an alcohol or alkyl halide

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5
Q

Hydrogenation of an alkene requires what reagent?

A

H2 (and palladium pd or platinum pt as a catalyst)

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6
Q

Hydrogenation of an alkene occurs what what stereochemistry?

A

Syn stereochemistry (because pd or pt present H2 to only one side of the double bonded carbons)

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7
Q

Addition of an electrophile to an alkene requires what reagent(s)?

A

HX or X2

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8
Q

Addition of an electrophile to an alkene occurs with a?

A

carbocation intermediate

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9
Q

markownikoff’s rule applies to?

A

addition reactions to alkenes (with asymmetrical reagents)

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10
Q

electrophilic addition of X2 to alkenes results in what stereochemistry? why?

A

anti stereochemistry - brominium ion is formed in the intermediate

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11
Q

electrophilic addition of X2 to alkenes involves?

A

an induced dipole in the X2 reactant

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12
Q

the second halogen atom is electrophilic addition of X2 to an alkene is a…? why?

A

nucleophile, as it has a delta negative charge.

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13
Q

hydrogenation of alkynes can involve what reagents?

A

Li/liq NH3 (heterosexual), lindlar catalyst (gay), platinum or palladium (goes to an ALKANE)

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14
Q

hydration of alkynes involves what reagent?

A

H2O

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15
Q

hydration of alkynes results in?

A

ketones or aldehydes

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16
Q

what is the name of the equilibrium that is involved in hydration of alkynes?

A

tautomerisation equilibrium

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17
Q

the tautomerisation equilibrium is between what products?

A

enol and aldehyde/ketone

18
Q

what is an alkynide ion?

A

a terminal alkyne in which an sp carbon has lost a hydrogen

19
Q

alkynide ions have a _ charge, thus are _-philes

A

negative, nucleophiles

20
Q

markownikoff’s rule also applies to alkynes. what is the reaction type and reagent in this case?

A

halogenation, HX

21
Q

there are two types of halogenation reactions of alkynes, what are the reagents of the two types?

A

HX or X2

22
Q

in halogenation of alkynes, what stereochemistry is observed? why?

A

anti (trans), halogen ion (similar to brominium)

23
Q

why can’t aromatic compounds undergo addition reactions?

A

because there is resonance energy (i.e., in the ring)

24
Q

what kind of reaction can aromatic compounds undergo?

A

substitution

25
Q

substitution reactions of aromatic compounds require a/an _-phile

A

electrophile

26
Q

the formal name of the resonance contributor in electrophilic aromatic substitution is?

A

wheland intermediate

27
Q

in wheland intermediates, the positive charge can only be in what positions? (relative to E)

A

ortho or para

28
Q

the process(es) for generating electrophiles for aromatic subsitution is/are called?

A

friedel-crafts acylation, friedel-crafts alkylation

29
Q

reagents in friedel-crafts acylation are?

A

haloaldehydes & AlX3

30
Q

reagents in friedel-crafts alkylation are?

A

haloalkanes & AlX3

31
Q

friedel-crafts acylation, and subsequent substitution onto an aromatic ring results in a _ product?

A

ketone

32
Q

friedel-crafts alkylation, and subsequent substitution onto an aromatic ring results in a _ product?

A

alkylbenzene

33
Q

what is a phenol?

A

an aromatic alcohol

34
Q

what is a nitrile?

A

CN

35
Q

what reagents are required to form an aromatic amine?

A

H2SO4 (dehydrant), HNO3 (nitric acid)

36
Q

ortho, para, meta classifications apply to what type of aromatic substitution?

A

disubstitution

37
Q

ortho, para, meta classifications apply to what type of reaction?

A

aromatic disubstitution

38
Q

ortho, para, meta are classifications relative to what?

A

the first aromatic substituent

39
Q

sn1 is favoured in what degree alkyl halides?

A

tertiary, some secondary, benzylic

40
Q

sn2 is favoured in what degree alkyl halides?

A

primary, some secondary

41
Q

the intermediate in sn1 mechanisms is called? what charge?

A

carbocation intermediate, positive

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