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Anatomy > Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Human DNA

A

shaped in a double helix and has 46 chromosomes

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2
Q

Elements of the human body

A

The main elements that compose the human body: oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium

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3
Q

2 models of atomic structures

A

planetary model and cloud model

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4
Q

Planetary model (atomic structure)

A

Fixed orbits, depicted as rings at a precise from the nucleus

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5
Q

Cloud model

A

electrons are shown in a variety of locations they would have at different distances from the nucleus over time (no fixed orbit)

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6
Q

Atoms

A

all matter is composed of atoms; all atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

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7
Q

Protons

A

carries a positive charge, also contributes to atomic weight and charge

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8
Q

Neutron

A

Does not carry an electric charge; also contributes to atomic weight

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9
Q

Electron

A

Carries a negative charge; contributes to atomic charge

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Central part of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons, electrons move around the nucleus

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11
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of one atom, each element has a unique atomic number, equals the number of electrons in the atom

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12
Q

Atomic weight

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom, electrons do not contribute to the weight to the atom

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13
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weight, atoms with the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons, Oxygen often forms isotopes (O16, O17, and O18), unstable isotopes are radioactive

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14
Q

Isotopes of Hydrogen

A

Protium (1H), Deuterium (2H), Tritum (3H)

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15
Q

Protium

A

1H, 1 proton and no neutrons, the most abundant isotope of hydrogen in nature

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16
Q

Deuterium

A

2H, has 1 proton and 1 neutron

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17
Q

Tririum

A

Has 1 proton and 2 neutrons

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18
Q

Average atomic mass

A

Weighted average of atomic mass for all isotopes

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19
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Unstable because they contain excess neutrons, lose nuclear components in the form of high energy radiation (alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays)

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20
Q

Physical Half- life

A

The time for 50% of radioisotopes to become stable, can vary from seconds to thousands of years

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21
Q

Clinical View: Medical imaging of Thyroid Gland using Iodine Radioisotopes

A

Radioisotopes introduced into the body during medical procedures, used by cells in a similar manner to non radioisotopes, can trace products of metabolic reactions that use these elements, Thyroid gland darker in areas where less radioactive iodine take up, and can help locate a nodule

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22
Q

PET scans

A

PET highlights areas in the body where there is relatively high glucose use, which is characteristics of cancerous tissue. This PET scan shows sites of the spread of a large primary tumor to other sites.

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23
Q

Molecule

A

Particle formed when two or more atoms chemically combine

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24
Q

Compound

A

Particle formed when 2 or more atoms of different elements chemically combine

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25
Q

Molecular Formulas

A

Depict the elements present and the number of each atom present in the molecule.

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26
Q

Bonding of atoms

A

Bonds form when atoms combine with other atoms, lower shells are filled first, force that holds atoms together, depends on the number of electrons in the valence shell (8 electrons is stable, Octet rule)

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27
Q

Atoms with atomic numbers less than 18, the following rule applies:

A

First shell: 2 electrons
Second shell: 8 electrons
Third shell: 8 electrons

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28
Q

Octet rule

A

Elements tend to lose, gain, or share electrons to obtain complete outer shells with eight electrons, eight valence electrons is stable

29
Q

Ion

A

An atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable, an electrically charged atom

30
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion, formed when an atom loses electrons

31
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion, formed when an atom gains an electron

32
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Happens when atoms share electrons, most common and strongest bond in the body

33
Q

Hydrogen forms how many bonds? (chemistry)

A

1 or single

34
Q

Oxygen forms how many bonds? (chem)

A

2 bonds

35
Q

Nitrogen forms how many bonds? (chem)

A

3 bonds

36
Q

Carbon forms how many bonds? (chem)

A

4 bonds

37
Q

Structural formula

A

structural formulas show how atoms bond and are arranged in various molecules

38
Q

Ionic bonding

A

when one atom donates or accepts an electron from another atom, often are attracted to each other due to an opposite charge

39
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

2 components bond to make a larger molecule, energy is required

40
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

Bonds between components. of a larger molecule are broken, resulting in smaller products

41
Q

exchange reaction

A

bonds are both formed and broken such that the components of the reactants are rearranged

42
Q

Enzymes

A

They decrease the activation energy for a given chemical reaction to occur

43
Q

monomers

A

the basic units for building larger molecules, form polymers (two or more chemically bonded monomers)

44
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

2 monomers are covalently bonded in a reaction in which one gives ip a hydroxyl group and the other a hydrogen atom, a molecule of water is released as a by product during dehydrations reactions

Monomers are joined by removal of OH from 1 monomer and H from the other at the site of bond formation

45
Q

hydrolysis

A

the covalent bond between 2 monomers is split by the addition of a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group to the other, which requires contribution of one molecule of water

Monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

46
Q

dissociation of sodium chloride in water

A

notice that the crystals of sodium chloride dissociate not into NA+ cations and CI- anions, each completely surrounded by water molecules

47
Q

what does an acid do in aqueous solution?

A

an acid dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and anions, nearly every molecule of a strong acid dissociates, producing a high concentration of H+

48
Q

what does a base do in aqueous solution?

A

a base dissociates into hydroxyl ions (OH-) and cautions, nearly every molecule of a strong base dissociates, producing a high concentration of OH-.

49
Q

pH scale

A

indicates the concentration of hydrogen ion in solution

50
Q

neutral (pH)

A

pH 7, indicates equal concentration of H+ and OH-

51
Q

Acidic

A

pH <7; indicates a greater concentration of H+

52
Q

Basic/ Alkaline

A

pH >7; indicates a greater concentration of OH-

53
Q

3 polysaccharides

A

starches, glycogen, and fiber

54
Q

triglycerides

A

triglycerides are composed of glycerol attached to 3 fatty acid by dehydration synthesis. Notice that glycerol gives up on a hydrogen atom, and the carboxyl groups on the fatty acids each give up a hydroxyl group.

55
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

are straight

56
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

are kinked

57
Q

steroids

A

4 connected rings of carbon, widely distributes in the body, various functions, component of cell membrane, used to synthesize hormones, cholesterol

58
Q

peptide bonds

A

different amino acids join together to form peptide, polypeptides, or proteins via dehydration synthesis. The bond between amino acids are peptide bonds.

59
Q

Organic Substances Proteins

A

Structural material, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes, antibodies

60
Q

Amino acids

A

building block for proteins, held together with peptide bonds

61
Q

4 levels of protein structures

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures

62
Q

Primary structure

A

Each oblong shape in this polypeptide chain represents an amino acid molecule. The whole chain represents a portion of a protein molecule

63
Q

Secondary structure

A

The polypeptide chain of a protein molecule is often either pleated or twisted to form a coil. Dotted lines represent hydrogen bonds. R groups are indicated in bold.

64
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The pleated and coiled polypeptide chain of a protein molecule folds into a unique three- dimensional structure.

65
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Two or more polypeptide chains may be connected to form a single protein molecule

66
Q

Steps in an enzymatic reaction

A
  1. Substrates approach active sites on enzyme.
  2. Substrates bind to active sites, producing an enzyme- substrate complex
  3. Changes internal to the enzyme- substrate complex facilitate interaction of the substrates.
  4. Products are released and the enzyme returns to its original form, ready to facilitate another enzymatic reaction.
67
Q

Nucleotides

A
  1. The building blocks of all nucleotides are one or more phosphate groups, a pentose, and a nitrogen- containing base.
  2. The nitrogen- containing base of nucleotides
  3. 2 pentose sugar of DNA and RNA
68
Q

DNA

A

In the double helix, two strands attach via hydrogen bonds between the bases of the components nucleotides.

Anatomy (3 decks)

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