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anatomy n physiology > chemical level of organisation > Flashcards

chemical level of organisation Flashcards

1
Q

how many elements are there in the periodic table?

A

118 elements

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2
Q

what is an element?

A

a matter which is made up of 1 type of atom and cannot be broken down further

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3
Q

4 elements that account for 96% of body mass

A
  • nitrogen [3%]
  • hydrogen [10%]
  • carbon [18]
  • oxygen [65%]
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4
Q

what is a molecule

A

a substance that is made of more than 1 type of atom of the same element by chemical bonds

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5
Q

what is a compound

A

a substance that is made of more than 1 type of atom of the different element

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6
Q

what are isotopes

A

atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and electron but different numbers of neutrons

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7
Q

what are radioisotopes

A

isotopes that emit high-energy radiation

[radioactive isotopes]

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8
Q

why do some isotopes release radiation

A

due to their unstable nuclei

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9
Q

some ways isotopes can be used

A
  • bone scan
  • thyroid therapy
  • radio-iodine therapy
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10
Q

how do you identify which elements can take part in a chemical reaction

A

by looking at the valance electrons
[complete valence eletrons] = does NOT participate
-inert elements
[incomplete valence eletrons] = participates
-alkali metals
-transitition metals
-halogens

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11
Q

what is an atom

A
  • the smallest unit of matter
  • participates in a chemical reaction
  • electrically neutral (p=e)
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12
Q

what is an ion

A
  • atoms/molecules that have lost or gained electrons

- no longer electrically neutral

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13
Q

3 types of chemical bonds

A
  • ionic bond
  • covalent bond
  • hydrogen bond
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14
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely-charged ions

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15
Q

formation of the ionic bond [explain]

A
  • a metal atom loses an electron, which is transferred to
    the non-metal atom
  • due to metal and non-metal atom having oppositely
    charged ions, they are attracted to each other.
  • the association of the metal and non-metal ions forms an ionic compound
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16
Q

how is an ionic bond formed

A

by the transfer of an electron from a metal atom to a non-metal atom

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17
Q

how is a covalent bond formed

A

by sharing of electrons between two non-metals

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18
Q

2 types of covalent bond

A

[non-polar covalent bond] = strongest

  • pair of electron equally shared between 2 atoms
    eg. diamond

[palor covalent bond] = weakest

  • pair of electron unequally shared between 2 atoms
    eg. water/hydrogen bond in DNA/haemoglobin
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19
Q

what is a hydrogen bond

A
  • a bond that can be easily formed or broken

- important for flexibility and shape of the compound

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20
Q

FUN FACT

A

the polarity of H2O makes it a universal solvent and change its state

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21
Q

what atoms are there in an organic & inorganic compound?

A

[organic compound]
- CHO

[inorganic compound}
- may/may not have carbon atoms

22
Q

what are organic & inorganic compounds synthesised by?

A

[organic compound]
- synthesised by living organisms

[inorganic compound]
- synthesised in a laboratory

23
Q

similarity between organic and inorganic compounds

A

essential for the functions of all organisms

24
Q

what are carbohydrates and its ratio

A

organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen

C:H:O = 1:2:1

25
Q

3 groups of sugar unit

A

[monosaccharides]
- single sugar unit

[diasaccharides]
- 2 sugar units

[polysaccharides]
- multiple units of monosaccharides

26
Q

eg of monosaccharides

A
  • glucose
  • galactose
  • fructose
27
Q

eg of disaccharides

A
  • sucrose = glucose + fructose
  • maltose = glucose + glucose
  • lactose = glucose + galactose
28
Q

eg of polysaccharides

A
  • starch
  • cellulose
  • glycogen
29
Q

functions of carbohydrates (organic comp)

A
  • essential part of a diet

- 1st source of energy

30
Q

what are lipids and their solubility?

A
  • organic compounds made up of C,H,O

- insoluble in water (hydrophobic in nature)

31
Q

basic unit of fats

A
  • fatty acids
32
Q

components of triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol

33
Q

types of fats

A
  • saturated fats ( made of saturated fatty acids )
    eg. animal fat (s)
    [bad for health]
  • unsaturated fats ( made of unsaturated fatty acids )
    eg. plant fat (L)
  • hydrogenated fats/trans fats
    [unsaturated fats that went thru hydrogenation
    process to prevent them from becoming rancid (s)]
    eg. processed food
34
Q

which type of fat causes blockage of coronary artery

A

hydrogenated fats

35
Q

functions of lipid

A
  • 2nd source of energy
  • serves as energy reserves
  • acts as an insulation to maintain temp
  • gives a cushion effect to protect body against injury
  • essential structural component of a cell
36
Q

what are proteins

A

organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen

37
Q

basic unit of proteins

A

amino acids

38
Q

type of proteins

A
  • globar protein (single peptide chain)
    eg. myoglobin in muscles
  • complex protein (several peptide chains)
    eg. haemoglobin (4) / keratin (3)
39
Q

what is the denaturation of proteins

A

denaturation is when a protein loses its 3-dimensional shape and hence losing its functional properties due to excessive heat/ change in pH

40
Q

function of proteins

A
  • movement - muscle contractions
  • transport - haemoglobin transports O2/CO2
  • support - structural proteins
  • metabolic regulation - enzymes catalyse chem reaction
  • buffering - maintains pH
  • defence - antibody
  • co-ordination & control - hormones influence metabolic
    activity
41
Q

what are nucleic acids

A

large organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen & phosphorous

42
Q

basic unit of nucleic acids

A
  • nucleotides
43
Q

components of nucleotides

A
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogenous base
  • sugar
44
Q

function of DNA

A

determines inherited characteristics

45
Q

function of RNA

A

required in protein synthesis

46
Q

diff in DNA & RNA

A 
[DNA]
- double-stranded
- consists of A, T, G, C
[RNA]
- single-stranded
- consists of A, T, U, C
47
Q

function of nucleic acids

A

storage & expression of genetic infos

48
Q

what is water

A

inorganic compound held by hydrogen bonds

  • universal solvent
  • high heat capacity
  • essential reactant in chem reaction of living things
49
Q

what is high energy compounds

A

inorganic compound that contains high energy bonds (covalent bond)

50
Q

what is adenosine triphosphate

A
  • 3 phosphate group attached to adenosine
  • large amt of energy is released when one bond is
    broken (adenosine diphosphate)
51
Q

bodyweight of organic and inorganic comps

A

[organic]

  • carbs = <3%
  • lipids = 12 %
  • proteins = 20%

[inorganic]
- water = 2/3

anatomy n physiology (3 decks)

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