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chemical level of organisation Flashcards

1
Q

how many elements are there in the periodic table?

A

118 elements

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2
Q

what is an element?

A

a matter which is made up of 1 type of atom and cannot be broken down further

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3
Q

4 elements that account for 96% of body mass

A
  • nitrogen [3%]
  • hydrogen [10%]
  • carbon [18]
  • oxygen [65%]
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4
Q

what is a molecule

A

a substance that is made of more than 1 type of atom of the same element by chemical bonds

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5
Q

what is a compound

A

a substance that is made of more than 1 type of atom of the different element

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6
Q

what are isotopes

A

atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and electron but different numbers of neutrons

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7
Q

what are radioisotopes

A

isotopes that emit high-energy radiation

[radioactive isotopes]

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8
Q

why do some isotopes release radiation

A

due to their unstable nuclei

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9
Q

some ways isotopes can be used

A
  • bone scan
  • thyroid therapy
  • radio-iodine therapy
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10
Q

how do you identify which elements can take part in a chemical reaction

A

by looking at the valance electrons
[complete valence eletrons] = does NOT participate
-inert elements
[incomplete valence eletrons] = participates
-alkali metals
-transitition metals
-halogens

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11
Q

what is an atom

A
  • the smallest unit of matter
  • participates in a chemical reaction
  • electrically neutral (p=e)
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12
Q

what is an ion

A
  • atoms/molecules that have lost or gained electrons

- no longer electrically neutral

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13
Q

3 types of chemical bonds

A
  • ionic bond
  • covalent bond
  • hydrogen bond
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14
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely-charged ions

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15
Q

formation of the ionic bond [explain]

A
  • a metal atom loses an electron, which is transferred to
    the non-metal atom
  • due to metal and non-metal atom having oppositely
    charged ions, they are attracted to each other.
  • the association of the metal and non-metal ions forms an ionic compound
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16
Q

how is an ionic bond formed

A

by the transfer of an electron from a metal atom to a non-metal atom

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17
Q

how is a covalent bond formed

A

by sharing of electrons between two non-metals

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18
Q

2 types of covalent bond

A

[non-polar covalent bond] = strongest

  • pair of electron equally shared between 2 atoms
    eg. diamond

[palor covalent bond] = weakest

  • pair of electron unequally shared between 2 atoms
    eg. water/hydrogen bond in DNA/haemoglobin
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19
Q

what is a hydrogen bond

A
  • a bond that can be easily formed or broken

- important for flexibility and shape of the compound

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20
Q

FUN FACT

A

the polarity of H2O makes it a universal solvent and change its state

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21
Q

what atoms are there in an organic & inorganic compound?

A

[organic compound]
- CHO

[inorganic compound}
- may/may not have carbon atoms

22
Q

what are organic & inorganic compounds synthesised by?

A

[organic compound]
- synthesised by living organisms

[inorganic compound]
- synthesised in a laboratory

23
Q

similarity between organic and inorganic compounds

A

essential for the functions of all organisms

24
Q

what are carbohydrates and its ratio

A

organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen

C:H:O = 1:2:1

25
3 groups of sugar unit
[monosaccharides] - single sugar unit [diasaccharides] - 2 sugar units [polysaccharides] - multiple units of monosaccharides
26
eg of monosaccharides
- glucose - galactose - fructose
27
eg of disaccharides
- sucrose = glucose + fructose - maltose = glucose + glucose - lactose = glucose + galactose
28
eg of polysaccharides
- starch - cellulose - glycogen
29
functions of carbohydrates (organic comp)
- essential part of a diet | - 1st source of energy
30
what are lipids and their solubility?
- organic compounds made up of C,H,O | - insoluble in water (hydrophobic in nature)
31
basic unit of fats
- fatty acids
32
components of triglycerides
3 fatty acids + glycerol
33
types of fats
- saturated fats ( made of saturated fatty acids ) eg. animal fat (s) [bad for health] - unsaturated fats ( made of unsaturated fatty acids ) eg. plant fat (L) - hydrogenated fats/trans fats [unsaturated fats that went thru hydrogenation process to prevent them from becoming rancid (s)] eg. processed food
34
which type of fat causes blockage of coronary artery
hydrogenated fats
35
functions of lipid
- 2nd source of energy - serves as energy reserves - acts as an insulation to maintain temp - gives a cushion effect to protect body against injury - essential structural component of a cell
36
what are proteins
organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen
37
basic unit of proteins
amino acids
38
type of proteins
- globar protein (single peptide chain) eg. myoglobin in muscles - complex protein (several peptide chains) eg. haemoglobin (4) / keratin (3)
39
what is the denaturation of proteins
denaturation is when a protein loses its 3-dimensional shape and hence losing its functional properties due to excessive heat/ change in pH
40
function of proteins
- movement - muscle contractions - transport - haemoglobin transports O2/CO2 - support - structural proteins - metabolic regulation - enzymes catalyse chem reaction - buffering - maintains pH - defence - antibody - co-ordination & control - hormones influence metabolic activity
41
what are nucleic acids
large organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen & phosphorous
42
basic unit of nucleic acids
- nucleotides
43
components of nucleotides
- phosphate group - nitrogenous base - sugar
44
function of DNA
determines inherited characteristics
45
function of RNA
required in protein synthesis
46
diff in DNA & RNA
``` [DNA] - double-stranded - consists of A, T, G, C [RNA] - single-stranded - consists of A, T, U, C ```
47
function of nucleic acids
storage & expression of genetic infos
48
what is water
inorganic compound held by hydrogen bonds - universal solvent - high heat capacity - essential reactant in chem reaction of living things
49
what is high energy compounds
inorganic compound that contains high energy bonds (covalent bond)
50
what is adenosine triphosphate
- 3 phosphate group attached to adenosine - large amt of energy is released when one bond is broken (adenosine diphosphate)
51
bodyweight of organic and inorganic comps
[organic] - carbs = <3% - lipids = 12 % - proteins = 20% [inorganic] - water = 2/3

anatomy n physiology (3 decks)

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