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CO Training > Chemical Immobilization > Flashcards

Chemical Immobilization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four injection types? Which is the fastest and which is the slowest? Which one do we use?

A
  1. IM Intramuscular - we use this
  2. IP Interpronial
  3. IV Intravenous - fastest
  4. SQ/SC - subcutaneous / under the skin - slowest
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2
Q

How does fat influence chemical immobilization?

A

Fat is a frequent cause of drug failure due to hitting an animal in it. It’s a storage tissue that fluctuates with species depending on time of year. Bad injection site.

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3
Q

What is the most important factor in selecting an injection site?

A

Speed of absorption

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4
Q

What are the two primary considerations when selecting a technique of capture?

A

Human safety and animal safety

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5
Q

How do you monitor the cardiovascular system? (4)

A

Blood pressure, heart rate, pulse, mucus membranes (colour and refill)

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6
Q

What are the two functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Deliver nutrients and oxygen 2. Remove carbon dioxide
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7
Q

How do you monitor the nervous system?

A

Reflexes

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8
Q

How does the endocrine system influence chem immob?

A

Produces hormones which effect an animals response to drugs ie adrenaline

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9
Q

What is the effect of excitement on an animal during immob?

A

Chemicals produced during excitement/stress/fear, such as adrenaline, use the same receptors as immobilization drugs. Therefore, the drugs will have less receptors to use and the drug may be less effective.

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10
Q

What is rapid effect and slow effect? Are they desirable?

A

Rapid effect = direct access to blood vessel = drug enters animal too quickly
Slow effect = drug entering animal too slowly due to poor cardio function, tissue damage, or poor injection site.
Neither of these are desirable

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11
Q

What are the stages/levels of anesthetic depth?

A
  1. Light
  2. Medium
  3. Deep
  4. Terminal / OD
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12
Q

What is the goal anesthetic depth and four signs

A

Medium

  1. regular rate and depth of respiration
  2. lost most reflexes but not all
  3. normal pulse and blood pressure
  4. pupils normal and eye movement fixed
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13
Q

Where do you feel for a pulse?

A

Femoral artery

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14
Q

How do you measure heart rate?

A

With a stethoscope in the left armpit

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15
Q

What is the most important system to monitor and why?

A

Respiratory system - b/c immobilized animals have a poor ability to respond to changing oxygen needs (can’t gasp or take big breath) and poor ability to regulate temperature

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16
Q

What digestive tract concerns exist during immob?

A

Aspiration (breathing in puke) and bloat (gas build up)

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17
Q

How do you address digestive tract issues?

A

Positioning - sternal if possible or left side up (right side lateral incumbency)

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18
Q

What is aerobic metabolism?

A

Blood acidity - increased lactic acid due to reduced respiration, prolonged exertion, intense muscle activity

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19
Q

What is the difference between immobilization and anesthesia? What is the goal?

A 
Immob = inability to move
Anesthesia = loss of feeling and sensation

Immobilized animals are not always anesthetized
Anesthetized animals are always immobilized

Goal is balanced anesthesia

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of balanced anesthesia? (4)

A
  1. Analgesia (loss of pain sensation)
  2. Unconscious
  3. Muscles relaxed
  4. Immobilized
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21
Q

What are the two factors that can created balanced anesthesia?

A
  1. Drug choice

2. Drug dose

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22
Q

What is analgesia?

A

Loss of pain sensation

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23
Q

What are the principles of analgesia?

A
  • pain control is best given before pain is caused
  • good analgesia reduces need for anesthetic
  • less pain = better recovery and healing, and faster return to normal
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24
Q

What is VCPR and why is it important?

A

Vet Client Patient Relationship - what allows non vets to use immobilization drugs

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25
Q

What are the two methods current used to secure chem immob drugs from health Canada?

A

EDR - Emergency drug release

ESC - Experimental study certificate

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26
Q

Why do all immobilized animals need to be tagged?

A

Harvest purposes

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27
Q

What must you protect mixed drugs from?

A

Extreme temperature and light exposure

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28
Q

In the field, how do you store/carry you chem immob set?

A

In a locking, crush proof, leak proof case

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29
Q

What does a single mixed drug need to be labelled with?

A
  1. Date of mixing

2. Concentration of drug ml/mg

30
Q

What does a double mixed drug need? (two drugs mixed)

A
  1. Name of drugs
  2. Date of mixing
  3. Drug concentration
31
Q

1cc = how many ml?

A

1 cc = 1 ml

32
Q

What are the primary classes of drug we use?

A
  1. Tranquilizers (TAA tranq. acepromazine & azaperone)
  2. Sedatives (SAB - seds. alpha 2 agonists, benzopdiapam) MZMXDD
  3. Dissociative Anaesthetics (ketamine and teletamine)
  4. Opiods (OECBT)
  5. Paralyzing Drugs
33
Q

Discuss paralyzing drugs

A
  • inhumane
  • provide no unconsciousness or analgesia
  • small safety range
  • we do not use
34
Q

Discuss opioids

A
  • true anaesthetics cause immob and unconsciousness
  • excellent analgesia
  • use in combination
  • draw reversal first
  • very toxic to humans
  • variable in length of action
35
Q

What MUST you do before using an opioid?

A

Draw up the reversal incase of accidental injection

36
Q

What are the four opioid options?

A 
OECBT
Opioids
endorphin 
carfentanil 
butorphanil
thiafentanil
37
Q

What are the two dissociative anaesthetics ?

A

Ketmine

Tiletamine

38
Q

Do dissociative anaesthetics provide analgesia?

A

Yes

39
Q

What classes of drug provide analgesia?

A

Opioids, dissociative anaesthetics, sedatives (some)

40
Q

What classes of drug do not provide analgesia?

A

Tranqs and paralyzers

41
Q

What classes of drugs are reversible?

A

Sedatives and opioids

42
Q

What classes of drugs are not reversible?

A

Dissociative anaesthetics and tranqs

43
Q

How long to dissociative anaesthetics last?

A

Short span - 45 minutes ish

44
Q

Why are dissociative anaesthetics used in combo?

A

To reduce psychoactive effects

45
Q

Discuss sedatives

A

SAB - sedatives, alpha 2 agonists, benzodiapam

  • causes mental depression, muscle relaxant, and some analgesia
  • can be used alone in high doses, but safer to use in combination
  • medium length of time (hrs)
  • Mental state of animal significantly effects this drugs effect
46
Q

What are the six sedatives?

A

Benodiazopine
M midazopam
Z zolazepam

Alpha 2 agonists 
M etdatomidine 
X xylazineg
D dexemedetomdine
Ddetomindine
47
Q

Discuss tranquilizers

A

TAA
Acepromazine
Azaperone

  • mental calming only - no unconsciousness, analgesia or anesthetic
  • only used in combo
  • not used for immob
  • not reversible
  • long lasting
48
Q

Why do we used mixed drugs?

A
  1. increase desirable effects
  2. decrease undesirable effects
  3. decrease volume and dose of each used
49
Q

What is telezol made out of?

A

250 ml zolazapam (sedative)

250 ml teletimine (dissociative anaesthetics)

50
Q

How do you make different concentrations of drug?

A

Mix in different levels of water

51
Q

What are the advantages of telezol?

A
  • safe at a wide range of use (can’t OD)
  • predictable induction, immob, recovery
  • minimal respiratory effects
52
Q

What are the disadvantages of telezol?

A
  • short shelf life

- not reversible

53
Q

What are alpha 2 antagonists?

A

-reversal drugs for alpha 2 agoinist sedatives such as xylazine and medetomidine

54
Q

What are 2 narcotic antagonists?

A

Naloxone and Naltrexone

55
Q

What is the ultimate goal of drug delivery?

A

Least traumatic and most humane

56
Q

How do you avoid cross contamination?

A

Once a needle has been inside an animal, it cannot go back in the drug bottle

57
Q

Do we pressurize bottles?

A

No

58
Q

How often do we need to monitor an immobilized animal?

A

Initially, then every 5 - 10 minutes to obtain a baseline

59
Q

When euthanizing an animal, what is most humane?

A

Gun shot to the head

60
Q

What is the ideal distance for darting?

A

10 - 15 meters

61
Q

At what direction do we want to hit an animal with a dart?

A

Perpendicular

62
Q

How do you initially evaluate anesthetic depth?

A

How the animal responds to remote noise and touch

63
Q

What is the palpebral test and what is the ideal outcome?

A

Gently press on inside of animals eyelid

Medium anesthetic depth should have little to no response

64
Q

What is a remote assessment

A

Remote noise and touch before approaching immob’d bear

65
Q

What temperature water should you clean spills with?

A

Cool water

66
Q

What immediate effects do adrenaline and epinephrine cause?

A

Increased heart rate and respiration

67
Q

What is the first symptom of shock?

A

Drastic decrease in blood pressure

68
Q

What is capture myopathy ?

A

Muscle damage accosted with capture

69
Q

What causes capture myopathy?

A
  • long chases

- hot weather and hyperthermia

70
Q

What is aerobic muscle function?

A

Low oxygen = acidic blood

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