Chemical Immobilization

Question 1

What are the four injection types? Which is the fastest and which is the slowest? Which one do we use?

Answer 1

1. IM Intramuscular - we use this
2. IP Interpronial
3. IV Intravenous - fastest
4. SQ/SC - subcutaneous / under the skin - slowest

Question 2

How does fat influence chemical immobilization?

Answer 2

Fat is a frequent cause of drug failure due to hitting an animal in it. It’s a storage tissue that fluctuates with species depending on time of year. Bad injection site.

Question 3

What is the most important factor in selecting an injection site?

Answer 3

Speed of absorption

Question 4

What are the two primary considerations when selecting a technique of capture?

Answer 4

Human safety and animal safety

Question 5

How do you monitor the cardiovascular system? (4)

Answer 5

Blood pressure, heart rate, pulse, mucus membranes (colour and refill)

Question 6

What are the two functions of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 6

1. Deliver nutrients and oxygen 2. Remove carbon dioxide

Question 7

How do you monitor the nervous system?

Answer 7

Reflexes

Question 8

How does the endocrine system influence chem immob?

Answer 8

Produces hormones which effect an animals response to drugs ie adrenaline

Question 9

What is the effect of excitement on an animal during immob?

Answer 9

Chemicals produced during excitement/stress/fear, such as adrenaline, use the same receptors as immobilization drugs. Therefore, the drugs will have less receptors to use and the drug may be less effective.

Question 10

What is rapid effect and slow effect? Are they desirable?

Answer 10

Rapid effect = direct access to blood vessel = drug enters animal too quickly
Slow effect = drug entering animal too slowly due to poor cardio function, tissue damage, or poor injection site.
Neither of these are desirable

Question 11

What are the stages/levels of anesthetic depth?

Answer 11

1. Light
2. Medium
3. Deep
4. Terminal / OD

Question 12

What is the goal anesthetic depth and four signs

Answer 12

Medium

1. regular rate and depth of respiration
2. lost most reflexes but not all
3. normal pulse and blood pressure
4. pupils normal and eye movement fixed

Question 13

Where do you feel for a pulse?

Answer 13

Femoral artery

Question 14

How do you measure heart rate?

Answer 14

With a stethoscope in the left armpit

Question 15

What is the most important system to monitor and why?

Answer 15

Respiratory system - b/c immobilized animals have a poor ability to respond to changing oxygen needs (can’t gasp or take big breath) and poor ability to regulate temperature

Question 16

What digestive tract concerns exist during immob?

Answer 16

Aspiration (breathing in puke) and bloat (gas build up)

Question 17

How do you address digestive tract issues?

Answer 17

Positioning - sternal if possible or left side up (right side lateral incumbency)

Question 18

What is aerobic metabolism?

Answer 18

Blood acidity - increased lactic acid due to reduced respiration, prolonged exertion, intense muscle activity

Question 19

What is the difference between immobilization and anesthesia? What is the goal?

Answer 19

Immob = inability to move
Anesthesia = loss of feeling and sensation

Immobilized animals are not always anesthetized
Anesthetized animals are always immobilized

Goal is balanced anesthesia

Question 20

What are the characteristics of balanced anesthesia? (4)

Answer 20

1. Analgesia (loss of pain sensation)
2. Unconscious
3. Muscles relaxed
4. Immobilized

Question 21

What are the two factors that can created balanced anesthesia?

Answer 21

1. Drug choice

2. Drug dose

Question 22

What is analgesia?

Answer 22

Loss of pain sensation

Question 23

What are the principles of analgesia?

Answer 23

• pain control is best given before pain is caused
• good analgesia reduces need for anesthetic
• less pain = better recovery and healing, and faster return to normal

Question 24

What is VCPR and why is it important?

Answer 24

Vet Client Patient Relationship - what allows non vets to use immobilization drugs

Question 25

What are the two methods current used to secure chem immob drugs from health Canada?

Answer 25

EDR - Emergency drug release | ESC - Experimental study certificate

Question 26

Why do all immobilized animals need to be tagged?

Answer 26

Harvest purposes

Question 27

What must you protect mixed drugs from?

Answer 27

Extreme temperature and light exposure

Question 28

In the field, how do you store/carry you chem immob set?

Answer 28

In a locking, crush proof, leak proof case

Question 29

What does a single mixed drug need to be labelled with?

Answer 29

1. Date of mixing | 2. Concentration of drug ml/mg

Question 30

What does a double mixed drug need? (two drugs mixed)

Answer 30

1. Name of drugs 2. Date of mixing 3. Drug concentration

Question 31

1cc = how many ml?

Answer 31

1 cc = 1 ml

Question 32

What are the primary classes of drug we use?

Answer 32

1. Tranquilizers (TAA tranq. acepromazine & azaperone) 2. Sedatives (SAB - seds. alpha 2 agonists, benzopdiapam) MZMXDD 3. Dissociative Anaesthetics (ketamine and teletamine) 4. Opiods (OECBT) 5. Paralyzing Drugs

Question 33

Discuss paralyzing drugs

Answer 33

- inhumane - provide no unconsciousness or analgesia - small safety range - we do not use

Question 34

Discuss opioids

Answer 34

- true anaesthetics cause immob and unconsciousness - excellent analgesia - use in combination - draw reversal first - very toxic to humans - variable in length of action

Question 35

What MUST you do before using an opioid?

Answer 35

Draw up the reversal incase of accidental injection

Question 36

What are the four opioid options?

Answer 36

``` OECBT Opioids endorphin carfentanil butorphanil thiafentanil ```

Question 37

What are the two dissociative anaesthetics ?

Answer 37

Ketmine | Tiletamine

Question 38

Do dissociative anaesthetics provide analgesia?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

What classes of drug provide analgesia?

Answer 39

Opioids, dissociative anaesthetics, sedatives (some)

Question 40

What classes of drug do not provide analgesia?

Answer 40

Tranqs and paralyzers

Question 41

What classes of drugs are reversible?

Answer 41

Sedatives and opioids

Question 42

What classes of drugs are not reversible?

Answer 42

Dissociative anaesthetics and tranqs

Question 43

How long to dissociative anaesthetics last?

Answer 43

Short span - 45 minutes ish

Question 44

Why are dissociative anaesthetics used in combo?

Answer 44

To reduce psychoactive effects

Question 45

Discuss sedatives

Answer 45

SAB - sedatives, alpha 2 agonists, benzodiapam - causes mental depression, muscle relaxant, and some analgesia - can be used alone in high doses, but safer to use in combination - medium length of time (hrs) - Mental state of animal significantly effects this drugs effect

Question 46

What are the six sedatives?

Answer 46

Benodiazopine M midazopam Z zolazepam ``` Alpha 2 agonists M etdatomidine X xylazineg D dexemedetomdine Ddetomindine ```

Question 47

Discuss tranquilizers

Answer 47

TAA Acepromazine Azaperone - mental calming only - no unconsciousness, analgesia or anesthetic - only used in combo - not used for immob - not reversible - long lasting

Question 48

Why do we used mixed drugs?

Answer 48

1. increase desirable effects 2. decrease undesirable effects 3. decrease volume and dose of each used

Question 49

What is telezol made out of?

Answer 49

250 ml zolazapam (sedative) | 250 ml teletimine (dissociative anaesthetics)

Question 50

How do you make different concentrations of drug?

Answer 50

Mix in different levels of water

Question 51

What are the advantages of telezol?

Answer 51

- safe at a wide range of use (can't OD) - predictable induction, immob, recovery - minimal respiratory effects

Question 52

What are the disadvantages of telezol?

Answer 52

- short shelf life | - not reversible

Question 53

What are alpha 2 antagonists?

Answer 53

-reversal drugs for alpha 2 agoinist sedatives such as xylazine and medetomidine

Question 54

What are 2 narcotic antagonists?

Answer 54

Naloxone and Naltrexone

Question 55

What is the ultimate goal of drug delivery?

Answer 55

Least traumatic and most humane

Question 56

How do you avoid cross contamination?

Answer 56

Once a needle has been inside an animal, it cannot go back in the drug bottle

Question 57

Do we pressurize bottles?

Answer 57

No

Question 58

How often do we need to monitor an immobilized animal?

Answer 58

Initially, then every 5 - 10 minutes to obtain a baseline

Question 59

When euthanizing an animal, what is most humane?

Answer 59

Gun shot to the head

Question 60

What is the ideal distance for darting?

Answer 60

10 - 15 meters

Question 61

At what direction do we want to hit an animal with a dart?

Answer 61

Perpendicular

Question 62

How do you initially evaluate anesthetic depth?

Answer 62

How the animal responds to remote noise and touch

Question 63

What is the palpebral test and what is the ideal outcome?

Answer 63

Gently press on inside of animals eyelid | Medium anesthetic depth should have little to no response

Question 64

What is a remote assessment

Answer 64

Remote noise and touch before approaching immob'd bear

Question 65

What temperature water should you clean spills with?

Answer 65

Cool water

Question 66

What immediate effects do adrenaline and epinephrine cause?

Answer 66

Increased heart rate and respiration

Question 67

What is the first symptom of shock?

Answer 67

Drastic decrease in blood pressure

Question 68

What is capture myopathy ?

Answer 68

Muscle damage accosted with capture

Question 69

What causes capture myopathy?

Answer 69

- long chases | - hot weather and hyperthermia

Question 70

What is aerobic muscle function?

Answer 70

Low oxygen = acidic blood