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Biochem 1 > Chemical foundations of life > Flashcards

Chemical foundations of life Flashcards

1
Q

Atomic number

A

nb of protons in an element’s nucleus (en haut)

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2
Q

Atomic mass

A

nb of protons & neutrons in an elements nucleus (en bas)

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3
Q

n

A

level number

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4
Q

x

A

orbital type (s2, p6, d10, f14)

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5
Q

e

A

nb of electrons in a particular level

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6
Q

Valence level

A

Most external layer occupied by electrons (the ones that participate in the chemical bonds)

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7
Q

Electronegativity

A

the tendency of an atom to attract electrons (of other compounds) towards itself to create a chemical bond

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8
Q

Primary bioelements

A

Chemical elements that account for 99% of celluar mass C, H, O, N, P, S

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9
Q

Bulk elements

A

structural elements of cells and tissues. Required diet uptake in gram quantities daily (H, C, N, O, Na, P, S, Cl, K, Ca)

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10
Q

Trace elements

A

Required diet uptake in milligrams daily (Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn…)

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11
Q

Inorganic biomolecules

A

Bioelements joined by ionic bonds. Salts, water.

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12
Q

Organic biomolecules

A

Bioelements joined by covalent bonds. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides.

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13
Q

Mineral elements related with teeth

A

Calcium and phosphate as hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate in enamel, dentin and cementum.
Magnesium in enamel and dentin.
Fluoride most electronegative: Enamel hardness.

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14
Q

Mineral elements related with saliva

A

Phosphate works as a buffer for saliva pH maintenance.
Calcium, phosphate magnesium ions in the saliva for enamel maturation process.
Phosphorus, calcium and fluoride: Remineralization

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15
Q

Fluoride good effects

A

Reduces apatite solubility in acids by an isomorphic replacement of hydroxide ions with fluoride ions to form fluoroapatite.
Incorporates into bacterial biofilms to inhibit enolase (enzyme that inhibits glycolysis)

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16
Q

Fluoride bad effects

A

Inhibition of enzyme activity
Inhibition of ameloblasts
Enamel florisis

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17
Q

Types of chemical bonds

A 
Covalent bonds (polarized, non polarized)
Non covalent bonds( Ionic, metallic)
18
Q

Ionic bond characteristics

A

Very different electronegativity between atoms.
Between metals and non metals.
Electrostatic forces.
Ex: NaCl

19
Q

Covalent bond characteristics

A

High and very similar electronegativity between atoms.
Between non metals.
Ex: H2O

20
Q

Metallic bonds characteristics

A

Low and very similar electronegativity between atoms.
Between metals.
Ex: Fe

21
Q

Polar bond

A

Elements with different electronegativity.
Asymmetrically shared electrons.
Electrons closer to the most electronegative element.

22
Q

Non polar bond

A

Elements with similar electronegativity.

Shared electrons distributed equally.

23
Q

Inorganic biomolecules

A 
Water
Mineral inorganic salts
Oxygen
Oligoelements
Carbon dioxide
24
Q

Organic biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

25
Q

Organic components of dental tissues

A 
-Proteins:
Collagens mainly type 1
Proteoglycans and glycoproteins 
-Carbohydrates:
Dextrans and bacterial products on the enamel surface
26
Q

Dental pulp composition

A 
75% water 25% Organic matter
Collagen 1 3 5 6
Proteoglycans
Fibronectin
Sialoprotein (organic tissue matrix protein)
BMPs
Metalloproteinases (enzyme)
Growth factors
27
Q

Enamel composition

A 
96% hydroxyapatite
1% organic matter
3% water
Low protein concentration
Glucoproteins
Metalloproteinases
28
Q

Dentin composition

A

70% hydroxyapatite
18% organic matter
12% water
Collagen 1 3 5

29
Q

Cementum composition

A 
50% hydroxyapatite
22% organic matter calcified
32% water
Collagen 1
Proteoglycans
Glucosaminoglycans
Glucoproteins
30
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Produced by ameloblasts

Form of crystalline phosphate Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

31
Q

Fluoroapatite

A

More stable and less soluble than hydroxyapatite

32
Q

Range of solubility of hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite

A

Fluorapatite (pH=4,5) < Hydroxyapatite (pH=5,5)

33
Q

Different type of interactions between biomolecules

A
  • Electrostatic
  • Hydrogen bonding
  • Van der Walls forces
  • Hydrophobic intereactions
34
Q

Non covalent interactions between molecules

A

Molecules are elecronegatively neutral
And establish cohesive forcces of electrostatic nature
The 4 types of interactions between two electric dipoles of opposite sign (next)

35
Q

Different types of weak interactions between biomolecules

A
  • Electrostatic or ionic
  • Hydrogen bonding
  • Van der Walls forces
  • Hydrophobic intereactions
36
Q

Hydrogen bonding is formed between:

A
  • an electronegative aton (Hydrogen acceptor, usually oxygen or nitrogen)
  • a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an other electronegative atom (H donor)
37
Q

Hydrogen bonds in liquid water:

A
  • are attractions between the protons of the oxygen nuclei.
  • are attractions between two hydrogen atoms.
  • are attractions between the H+ and OH– ions of the liquid.
  • are ion-induced dipole attractions.
  • are dipole-dipole attractions.
38
Q

Van der Walls interacions

A

Weak interatomic interaccions between two very close uncharged atoms with their surrounding electons influence eachother, if there is a random variation in the positions of the electrons it may create an electric dipole

39
Q

Van der walls radius

A

Mesure of how close the atom will allow to approach one another in Van der Walls interacions. (in nm)

40
Q

Hydrophobic interactions

A

Between amphipatic molecules (compounds containing a polar and a nonpolar region)

41
Q

The most stable biomolecule structure

A 
Wear interactions maximized.
-Tridimensional structure of
biomolecules
-Binding of Antigen-antibody
-Binding of hormone-receptor -Binding of neurotrasnmitter-receptor
42
Q

Strong interactions

A

Intramolecular covalent bonds: Disulfure bridges

Biochem 1 (4 decks)

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