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Chemistry > Chemical Foundations > Flashcards

Chemical Foundations Flashcards

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1
Q

chemistry

A

the study of matter, its composition, interactions, and ways properties relate to its composition

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2
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass, takes up space

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3
Q

science

A

an orderly routine study of nature based on observations

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4
Q

deductive reasoning

A
  1. statement of fact, 2. logical arguments, 3. results that must be true (ex: formula - results)
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5
Q

inductive reasoning

A
  1. observations, 2. logical arguments, 3. conclusion that’s probably true (ex: experiments - conclusion)
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6
Q

scientific method

A

relies on inductive reasoning, the systematic way we approach a problem

  1. observation (there is a problem)
  2. hypothesis
  3. collect data
  4. analyze data
  5. summarize results
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7
Q

hypothesis

A

tentative explanations of observations that can be tested by experiment (guess)

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8
Q

theory

A

an explanation that accounts for the facts

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9
Q

“just a theory”

A

while theories are not truth, they are supported by multiple facts which are supported by experimental or observational data

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10
Q

experiment

A

a controlled test of a hypothesis specifically designed to isolate, test, and measure the relationship between two or more variables i a physical system by manipulating one and measuring the effects on the other

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11
Q

cycle of scientific enterprise

A

good theories allow for new hypotheses, hypothesis, experimental tests, new facts, are the facts consistent with the theories?, yes- add new facts to the theory, no- can the theory be altered to fit the facts?, yes- altered theory, no- new theory

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12
Q

OT history

A

Age of Practical Skill

  • metallurgy - extracting metal from ore (rock) by heating and cooking, taking out impurities
  • apothecaries
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13
Q

Ancient Greece

A

Age of Critical Thought

  • focused on philosophy and knowledge, no experiments
  • Democratus- thought matter could be broken down into smaller particles
  • 4 elements: fire, earth, water, and air)
  • stagnated science for centuries
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14
Q

Alchemists

A

Age of Applied Experimentation

  • tried to change metal into gold
  • magical powers could cure
  • Swiss alchemist- tries to come up with different chemicals to aid disease
  • forerunner to pharmacology
  • master designers of glassware and porcelain
  • develop precipitation- combine two chemicals to form a solid
  • crystallization- solids melt, add crystals, turn into crystals
  • most important: experimental approach
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15
Q

different branches of chemistry

A

inorganic chemistry, organic, biochemistry, nuclear, physical, analytical

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16
Q

inorganic and organic chemistry

A

compounds that do not contain carbon, contain carbon

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17
Q

biochemistry

A

chemical process of living things

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18
Q

nuclear

A

study of atom and changes

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19
Q

physical

A

interactions and energy changes

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20
Q

analytical

A

qualitative: what is it?
quantitative: how much is it?

21
Q

pure substances

A

one type of particle - elements and compounds

22
Q

elements

A

can’t be broken down any further without chemical means, made up of atom - protons, neutrons, and electrons (subatomic particles)

23
Q

compounds

A

elements chemically bonded together

24
Q

mixtures

A

more than one type of particle physically placed together (water and salt)

25
Q

heterogeneous mixture

A

mixtures visibly see different types of particles

26
Q

homogeneous mixture

A

solution, can’t see different types of particles

27
Q

ancient chemical symbols

A

pictographic representation of the elements

28
Q

John Berzelius’s system

A

one or more letters represent elements, 1st letter uppercase, 2nd letter lowercase

29
Q

3 types of elements

A

monatomic- He (1 atom)
diatomic- H (2 atoms)
polyatomic- P (2+ atoms)

30
Q

molecules

A

2+ atoms chemically bonded together, can be same element bonded

31
Q

compounds

A

two or more different elements bonded together chemically

32
Q

formula

A

type and # of atoms

33
Q

coefficient and subscript

A

how many groupings will be present (3 H2O), amount of atoms

34
Q

physical properties

A

measures and observed without changing the substance (density, malleability, ductility, conductivity, color, shape, size, odor, salability hardness, taste, state - solid, liquid, gas, melting/boiling point)

35
Q

density

A

how tightly packed are the particles

36
Q

malleability

A

how easily a particle can be hammered

37
Q

ductility

A

how easily a substance can be pulled into a wire

38
Q

conductivity

A

how easily a substance can transfer heat/electricity throughout its particles

39
Q

chemical properties

A

only evident when a substance changes into something else (change in material) - (flammability, reactivity - action in the presence of another material, oxidation (combine with O2)

40
Q

physical change

A

(solid to liquid), change in physical properties

41
Q

chemical change

A

substance changes into something else (another material)

42
Q

temperature

A

reflects the random motions of particles in a particular sample, measures the average kinetics energy in a sample

43
Q

formulas for temperature conversion

A

K = C + 273.15, C = K - 273.15, F = C * (9/5) + 32, C = (F - 32)(5/9)

44
Q

Absolute Zero

A

coldest temp. possible, 0 K, -459 F, -273 C, scientists never reached this but are close, atomic motion completely stops

45
Q

magnetism

A

draw out magnetic particles

46
Q

distillation

A

use of boiling water to separate mixtures

47
Q

filtration

A

filter paper, separate water from solids

48
Q

crystallization

A

liquid - solid crystal

49
Q

chromatography

A

technique to separate by passing the mixture through a stationary phase

Chemistry (5 decks)

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