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Clinical Microscopy > Chemical Examination of Urine > Flashcards

Chemical Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Products of fat metabolism (ketones)

A

Acetate (2%)
Acetoacetic acid (20%)
beta-hydroxybutyric acid (78%)

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2
Q

Reagent Strip for Ketones

A

Sodium nitroprusside (purple)

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3
Q

Acetest

A 
Tablet test for ketones;
Sodium nitroprusside
Glycine
Disodium phosphate
Lactose
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4
Q

Produce an interfering red colour in alkaline test medium for ketones

A

Phenolsulfonphthalein

Bromsulphalein

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5
Q

Hematuria

A 
Cloudy red urine
Renal or GUT origin
Cause: Trauma
             Renal Calculi
             Glomerular diseases
             Tumors
             Pyelonephritis
             Anti-coagulant therapy
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6
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A 
Clear red urine
Dilute alkaline urine
Intravascular hemolysis
Causes: Hemolytic anemia
              HTR
              Severe burns
              Brown recluse spider bites
              Infections
              Strenuous exercise
Red plasma
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7
Q

Large yellow-brown granules of denatured ferritin

A

hemosiderin

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8
Q

Myoglobinuria

A 
Clear red-brown urine
Causes: Muscle destruction (Rhabdomyolysis)
              Alcoholism
             Heroin abuse
Elevated CK, LD
Normal colour on plasma
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9
Q

Reagent strip reaction on blood

A

Pseudoperoxidase activity of haemoglobin

H2O2 + tetramethylbenzidine = green blue

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10
Q

False Positive Reactions (Blood)

A

Menstrual contamination
Strong oxidizing detergents
Vegetable peroxidase
Bacterial enzymes (E. coli)

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11
Q

False Negative Reactions (Blood)

A 
Ascorbic acid
High sp gr.
Formalin
Hypertension medication (Captopril)
High concentrations of nitrite
Failure to mix specimen
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12
Q

Multistix (blood)

A

uses peroxide less subject to reduction by ascorbic acid

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13
Q

Chemstrip (blood)

A

overlays the reagent pad with an iodate-impregnated mesh that oxidises ascorbic acid.

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14
Q

Bilirubin

A

Highly pigmented yellow compound

Degradation product of hemoglobin

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15
Q

Reagent strip reaction on bilirubin

A 
Diazo reaction
2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt
2,6-dichlorobenzene-diazonium-tetrafluoroborate
Acidic medium
tan to violet
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16
Q

Ictotest

A 
Bilirubin
p-nitrobenzene-diazonium-p-toluenesulfonate
SSA
sodium carbonate
boric acid
blue to purple
17
Q

False Positive Reactions (Bilirubin)

A

Urine pigments
Phenazopyridine
indican
metabolites of Lodine

18
Q

False Negative Reactions (Blood)

A 
Not fresh specimen
photo-oxidized bilirubin
hydrolysis of bilirubin diglucoronide
ascorbic acid
nitrite
19
Q

Urobilin

A

brown color of feces

20
Q

Multistix (urobilinogen)

A

Ehrlich’s aldehyde reaction
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
light to dark pink

21
Q

Chemstrip (urobilinogen)

A

azo-coupling (diazo reaction)
4-methoxybenzene-diazonium-tetrafluroborate
white to pink

22
Q

False Positive Reactions (Urobilinogen)

A 
Ehrlich-reactive compounds
pophobilinogen
indican
p-aminosalicylic acid
sulfonamides
methly dopa
procaine
chlorpromazine
heavy meal
23
Q

False Negative Reactions (Urobilinogen)

A

improperly preserved
nitrite
formalin

24
Q

Watson-Schwartz Differentiation Test

A

Urobilinogen is soluble in chloroform and butanol

25
Q

Hoesch test

A 
rapid screening or monitoring of urinary porphobilinogen
Hoesch reagent (Ehrlich reagent dissolved in 6 M HCL)
26
Q

Nitrite

A

UTI
Bladder infection (cystitis)
pyelonephritis

27
Q

Greiss reaction

A

Nitrite
acidic pH
p-arsanilic acid / sulphanilamide -> diazonium compound (tetrahydrobenzoquinolin)
pink

28
Q

False Negative Reactions (Nitrite)

A

Large number of bacteria (further reduction of nitrite to nitrogen)
Antibiotics
ascorbic acid
high sp gr

29
Q

LE test

A

detect presence of WBCs that have been lysed
dilute alkaline urine
Indicators of UTI
Longest time of all reagent strip reactions

30
Q

False Negative Reactions (LE)

A

protein
glucose
oxalic acid
ascorbic acid

Clinical Microscopy (2 decks)

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