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Chemical equations Flashcards

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1
Q

Haber Process

A

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) –>2NH3 (g)

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2
Q

Negative electrode of a lithium ion cell

A

Li –> Li+ + e-

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3
Q

Positive electrode of a lithium ion cell

A

Li+ + e- + CoO2 –> Li+[CoO2]-

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4
Q

Negative electrode of an alkaline hydrogen fuel cell

A

H2 (g) + 2OH- (aq) —> 2H2O (l) + 2e-

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5
Q

Positive electrode of an alkaline hydrogen fuel cell

A

O2 (g) + H2O (l) + 4e- —> 4OH- (aq)

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6
Q

Overall equation for hydrogen fuel cell

A

H2 (g) + 0.5 O2 (g) –> H2O (g)

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7
Q

Phosphorus (V) oxide and water

A

P4O10 + 6H2O –> 4H3PO4

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8
Q

Phosphoric acid

A

H3PO4

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9
Q

Nitric acid

A

HNO3

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10
Q

Group 2 metal and water

A

M (s) + 2H2O (l) –> M(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

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11
Q

Magnesium and steam

A

Mg + H2O (g) –> MgO (s) + H2O

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12
Q

Barium chloride and sulfate ions

A

BaCl2 + SO4(2-) –> BaSO4 + 2Cl-

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13
Q

Extraction of titanium from titanium chloride using magnesium

A

2Mg + TiCl4 –> 2MgCl2 + Ti

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14
Q

CaO to remove flue gases (SO2) (CaO is made into a paste)

A

CaO + SO2 –> CaSO3 (s)

with water

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15
Q

CaCO3 to remove flue gases (SO2)

A

CaCO3 + SO2 –> CaSO3 + CO2

with water

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16
Q

Chlorine displacing bromide

A

Cl2 + 2KBr –> Br2 + 2KCl

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17
Q

Fluoride ions and sulphuric acid

A

NaF + H2SO4 –> NaHSO4 + HF

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18
Q

Chloride ions and sulphuric acid

A

NaCl + H2SO4 –> NaHSO4 + HCl

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19
Q

Bromide ions and sulfuric acid

A

NaBr + H2SO4 –> NaHSO4 + HBr

2HBr + H2SO4 –> Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O

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20
Q

Iodide ions and sulfuric acid

A

NaI + H2SO4 –> NaHSO4 + HI

2HI + H2SO4 –> I2 + SO2 + 2H2O

6HI + SO2 –> H2S + 3I2 + 2H2O

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21
Q

Halides and AgNO3

A

Ag+ + X- —> AgX (s)

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22
Q

Chlorine and cold water

A

Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) –> HClO + HCl

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23
Q

Chlorine and water in the presence of UV light

A

2Cl2 + 2H2O –> 4HCl + O2

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24
Q

Chlorine and sodium hydroxide to make bleach

A

2NaOH + Cl2 –> NaClO + H2O + NaCl

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25
Q

Overall reaction between solid sodium bromide and conc. sulfuric acid

A

2NaBr+2H2SO4 →Na2SO4 +Br2 +SO2 +2H2O

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26
Q

SO2 and water

A

SO2 (g) + H2O –> H2SO3
(sulphurous acid)

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27
Q

SO3 and water

A

SO3 (l) + H2O –> H2SO4
(sulfuric acid)

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28
Q

SiO2 and NaOH

A

SiO2 (s) + 2NaOH –> Na2SiO3 + H2O

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29
Q

P4O10 and NaOH

A

P4O10 (s) + 12 NaOH –> 4Na3PO4 + 6H2O

30
Q

SO2 and NaOH

A

SO2 (g) + 2NaOH –> Na2SO3 + H2O

31
Q

SO3 and NaOH

A

SO3 (g) + 2NaOH –> Na2SO4 + H2O

32
Q

Al2O3 acting as a base (reacting with H2SO4)

A

Al2O3 (s) + 3H2SO4 –> Al2 (SO4)3 + 3H2O

33
Q

Al2O3 acting as an acid (reacting with NaOH and water)

A

Al2O3 (s) + 2NaOH + 3H2O –> 2Na Al (OH)4

34
Q

Overall reaction of Contact Process

A

2SO2 + O2 –> 2SO3

V2 O5 catalyst

35
Q

Intermediate reactions of Contact Process

A

V2O5 + SO2 –> V2O4 + SO3

V2O4 + 1/2 O2 –> V2O5

36
Q

Overall reaction between S2O8 (2-) and I -

A

S2O8 (2-) + 2I- –> I2 + 2SO4 (2-)
Fe 2+ or Fe 3+ catalyst

37
Q

Intermediate reactions between S2O8 (2-) and I -

A

S2O8 (2-) + 2Fe 2+ –> 2SO4 (2-) + 2Fe 3+
2Fe 3+ + 2I- –> 2Fe 2+ + I2

can happen in any order hence why both Fe2+ and Fe3+ can be used

38
Q

Overall reaction between MnO4- and C2O4 (2-)

A

2MnO4- + 5C2O4 (2-) + 16H+ –> 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

39
Q

Intermediate reactions for reaction of MnO4- with C2O4 (2-) with Mn2+ as an autocatalyst

A

4Mn2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ –> 5Mn3+ + 4H2O

2Mn3+ + C2O4 (2-) –> 2CO2 + 2Mn2+

40
Q

Ammonia and water

A

NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ +OH–

41
Q

Ozone depletion using chlorine radical

A

Cl* + O3 —> O2 + ClO*

ClO* + O3 —> 2O2 + Cl*

42
Q

chlorine radical and methane

A

Cl* + CH4 —> *CH3 + HCl

CH3 + Cl2 —> CH3Cl + Cl

43
Q

Fermentation to make ethanol

A

C6 H12 O6 —> 2 C2 H5 OH + 2CO2

(yeast catalyst)

44
Q

Ethanol production from hydration of ethene

A

C2H4 + H2O ⇌ C2H5OH

45
Q

Show that fermentation is carbon neutral

A

Glucose comes from photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Glucose is fermented to form ethanol:
C6H12O6 —> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Ethanol is combusted (used as a biofuel):
2C2H5OH + 6O2 —> 4CO2 + 6H2O

∴ 6CO2 in and 6CO2 out

46
Q

Fehling’s solution

A

Cu 2+ —> Cu +

blue solution to brick red ppt

47
Q

Tollen’s reagent

A

Ag+ —> Ag

48
Q

Oxidation of a primary alcohol

A

1° alcohol + [O] —> aldehyde + H2O

aldehyde + [O] —> carboxylic acid + H2O

49
Q

Oxidation of secondary alcohol

A

2° alcohol + [O] —> ketone + H2O

50
Q

Reduction of aldehydes to primary alcohols

A

RCHO + 2[H] —> RCH2OH

NaBH4 - reducing agent

51
Q

Reduction of ketones to secondary alcohols

A

RCOR’ + 2[H] —> RCH(OH)R’

NaBH4 - reducing agent

52
Q

Aldehyde and KCN

A

RCHO (aq) + KCN (aq) —> RCH(OH)CN (aq) + K+ (aq)

(also with H+ (aq) )
product - hydroxynitrile

53
Q

Ketone and KCN

A

RCOR’ (aq) + KCN (aq) —> RC(OH)R’CN (aq) + K+ (aq)

(also with H+ (aq) )
product - hydroxynitrile

54
Q

Carboxylic acid and alcohol (name of reaction)

A

Esterification or condensation

carbox. acid + alcohol ⇌ ester + water

(H+, reflux)

55
Q

Acid hydrolysis of esters

A

ester + water ⇌ carboxylic acid + alcohol
(H+)

esters are not completely hydrolysed, an eqm. is set up

56
Q

Alkaline hydrolysis of esters

A

ester + base(aq) —> carboxylate salt + alcohol

57
Q

Production of veg. oils and fats

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids —> triglyceride + 3H2O

fatty acids are long chain carboxylic acids

58
Q

Saponification

A

fat + 3NaOH —> glycerol + 3 sodium salts (soap)

59
Q

Production of biodiesel (mixture of methyl esters)

A

triglyceride + 3 methanol —> mixture of methyl esters (3) + glycerol

60
Q

Acyl chloride and alcohol

A

acyl chloride + alcohol —> ester + HCl

61
Q

Acid anhydrides and alcohol

A

acid anydride + alcohol —> ester + carboxylic acid

62
Q

Acyl chloride and water

A

acyl chloride + water —> carboxylic acid + HCl

63
Q

Acid anhydrides and water

A

acid anhydride + water —> 2 carboxylic acids

64
Q

Acyl chloride and ammonia

A

acyl chloride + ammonia —> amide + HCl

HCl and excess ammonia can further react to make ammonium salt (NH4Cl)

65
Q

Acid anhydride and ammonia

A

acid anhydride + ammonia —> amide + carboxylic acid

(Carboxylic acid and ammonia can further react to make ammonium salt)

66
Q

Acyl chloride and primary amine

A

acyl chloride + primary amine —> n-sub. amide + HCl

67
Q

Acid anhydride and primary amine

A

acid anhydride + primary amine —> n-sub. amide + carboxylic acid

(carboxylic acid will then react with the excess amine to produce a salt)

68
Q

AlCl3 and RCOCl - Friedel-Crafts Acylation

A

R-COCl + AlCl3 —> R-C(+)O + AlCl4-

AlCl4- + H+ —> HCl + AlCl3

makes a reactive intermediate

69
Q

Conc. sulfuric and nitric acid in nitration (making an electrophile)

A

HNO3 + H2SO4 —> H2NO3+ + HSO4-

HNO3+ —> NO2 + + H2O

NO2 + = electrophile

70
Q

Nucleophilic substitution reaction equation for halogenooalkanes and ammonia

A

halogenoalkane + 2 ammonia —> primary amine + ammonium salt

71
Q

Nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction between acyl chlorides and amines

A

acyl chlorides + amines —> N-sub. amides + HCl

72
Q

Nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction between acid anhydrides and amines

A

acid anhydride + amine —> N-sub. amide + carboxylic acid

Chemistry (10 decks)

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