Chemical elements are joined together to form biological compounds Flashcards
What are the monomers for starch, cellulose and glycogen?
Starch= alpha glucose
Cellulose= beta glucose
Glycogen= alpha glucose
What is the structure of starch, cellulose and glycogen?
Starch= amylose (helix/coiled), amylopectin (branched)
Cellulose= long straight lines, held in parallel with strong hydrogen bonds to form fibrils
Glycogen= a very branched molecule
What are the bonds between monomers in starch, cellulose and glycogen?
Starch= 1-4 glycosidic bonds in amylose, 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds in amylopectin
Cellulose= 1-4 glycosidic bond
Glycogen= 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Explanation for the structure of starch, cellulose and glycogen?
Starch= helix can be compacted to fit loads of glucose, branched structure has a large surface area for rapid hydrolysis
Cellulose= Many hydrogen bonds create a collective strength
Glycogen= branched structure allows rapid hydrolysis back to glucose
What is the definition of a condensation reaction?
Joining two molecules together, creating a chemical reaction, removing water
What is the definition of a hydrolysis reaction?
Breaks a chemical reaction bond between two molecules, involves water
What are the three monosaccharides in carbohydrate molecules?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What are the three disaccharides in carbohydrate molecules?
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
What are the three polysaccharides in carbohydrate molecules?
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
Describe disaccharides:
Two monosaccharides are joined together by a glycosidic bond, which is done by a condensation reaction
What are 5 key properties of water?
- Metabolite (used in chemical reaction)
- Important solvent
- High heat capacity
- Large latent heat of vaporisation
- Strong cohesion
What are the 4 inorganic ions and what are their uses?
Magnesium ions-> Needed in bones and chlorophyll for plants
Iron ions-> Component of haemoglobin in the transport of oxygen
Calcium-> Strengthens the structure in bones and teeth
Phosphate ions-> A component of DNA and ATP
What is the difference between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated?
Saturated- hydrocarbon chains has only single bonds between carbons
Unsaturated- hydrocarbon chains have atleast one double bond between carbons
Properties of triglycerides:
-Energy storage
-Metabolic water source, can release water if oxidised
-Hydrophobic, repel water
-Low mass, can be stored without increasing mass as much as other tissues
-protection of organs
-thermal insulation
Definition of primary structure:
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Definition of secondary structure:
The sequence of amino acids causes parts of a protein molecule to bend into a-helix shapes or fold into b-pleated sheets. Hydrogen bonds hold the secondary structure.
Definition of tertiary structure:
Further folding of the structure, forming a unique 3D shape. Held in place by ionic, hydrogen and disulphide bonds.
Quaternary structure:
A protein made up of more than one polypeptide chain
Test for starch:
Add iodine to solution, should go from a orange to blue/black
Test for reducing sugars:
Add blue benedicts reagent and heat, turns from blue to brick red
Test for non-reducing sugars:
following negative Benedicts test, add acid and boil (acid hydrolysis). Cool solution and add an alkali to neutralise. Add Benedicts reagent and heat. Should go from blue to orange. (Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar, during the experiment it hydrolysis the sucrose into glucose and fructose)
Test for proteins:
Biuret solution turns it from blue to violet
