Chemical compounds - panels Flashcards
Carbon has a unique ability to form strong covalent bonds with other carbons - what kind of formations can we expect?
- Chains, 2. Branched trees, 3. Rings
What do we mean by resonance in terms of chemical bonds?
= phenomenon of alternating double bonds (from one pair to another) which occurs in carbon chains on rings that => helps to stabilize the molecule
Name and draw typical C-O compound groups (4)
Name and draw main C-N compound groups (+you can say how they come into being)
What do we mean by organic and inorganic phosphates? How may they look like?
Look at an image of a hydrogen bond:
What kind of bond do we find in water?
We have polar covalent bond -> O draws the electrones closer to itself rendering it slightly more negative while remaining H2 will end up being positive
What do we see in the picture?
Molecules of water can join into a hydrogen-bonded lattice
How do we call substances that dissolve in water? What kind of matters would act this way?
= hydrophilic
- common with ions anf polar molecules (-> substance forms hydrogen bonds with surronding water
=> the mixture is termed “solution”
- dissolved substance e.g. sugar = solute
- and the dissolver e.g. water = solvent
What about the opposite substances?
= hydrophobic
- water molecules are NOT attracted to them e.g. hydrocarbons
Give me definition of “acids”.
= substances that when dissolved in water release hydrogen ions
NOTE: cells usually contain “weak acids” = the acid doesn’t dissolve completely
Considering the fact that H+ can spontaneously move from one molecule to the other -> what kind of products would you expect in the case of water? What is their concentration?
Process is highly reversible -> molecules keep on changing their composition
- concentration of both tends to be equal
Recall how can we define the acidicty of a solution? What do we use to describe it?
Acidity tend to be expressed in terms of concentration of hydronium ions the solution possesses
Define bases. How do they perform that directly and indirectly?
= a substance that reduces the number of H+ in a given solution
- Direct - molecule combines with H+ e.g. ammonia
- Indirect - molecule releases -OH which then bings to H+ to create water
How can monosacharides look in terms of chemistry (+ 2 groups)?
NOTE: In aqueous solutions, aldehyde and ketone groups of sugars react with hydroxyl group => create a ring
Sugars of both, aldehyde and ketone. groups have to 4 links - is this correct?
No. Based on the position of OH one can differentiate “alpha” and “beta” links -> these can rapidly change to the other
What are sugar derivatives?
Substances that instead of some OH group is connected to a different type of group e.g.NH2
What are disaccharides? Name at least one.
= molecules where the aldehyde or keton group of a sugar got linked to the hydroxyl group of another sugar
- e.g. lactose (galactose + glucose), sucrose) sucrose
What else can sugar form?
If we keep on adding sugar units over and over again -> we could end up with either oligosaccharides (shorter) or polysaccharides
NOTE: Fatty acids
NOTE: Saturated X Unsaturated
What happens to the carboxyl groups at the end of fatty acid chain?
1) Become ionized
2) Link to other groups in a solution and form either esters or amides
Considering the nature of fatty acids and their tendency to have hydrophilic “head” and hydrophobic “tail” -> what kind of structures do they form in relation to cells?
What common types of lipids would you know?
- phospolipids, glycolipids, steroids, polyisoprenoids (the latter 2 created from isoprene)
