chemical composition + cell structure

Question 1

what is a cell made of? (2 compounds)

Answer 1

inorganic and organic compounds
organic: 10-40%
inorganic(water,minerals): 60-90%

Question 2

what is water / its function in a cell?

Answer 2

1. a universal median for chemical reactions
   - determines biological activity of proteins and nucleic acids
   - is a solvent (rozpustadlo)
   - is a thermal insulator
   - influences physical and chemical processes in a cell

Question 3

what does the water content in a cell depend on?

Answer 3

1. its age
2. the organ
3. its environment ( is it hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic?)

Question 4

describe the terms hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic

Answer 4

1. hypotonic: solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside the cell
2. hypertonic: solute concentration is higher outside than that inside the cell
3. isotonic: solute concentration outside the cell is the same as inside the cell

Question 5

name the 5 main inorganic compounds and what they do

Answer 5

• potassium ions (K), chlorine ions(Cl) = maintain pH
• sodium ions (Na) = hold water
• calcium ions (Ca) = water excretion
• magnesium ions (Mg) = component of chlorophyll
• iron ions (Fe) = part of red blood (haemoglobin, oxygen transport)

Question 6

name monosaccharides

Answer 6

1. glucose (grape sugar)
2. fructose (fruit sugar)

Question 7

name disaccharides

Answer 7

1. sucrose (beet sugar)
2. maltose (malt sugar)
3. lactose (milk sugar)

Question 8

name polysaccharides

Answer 8

1. starch = energy source for plant cells
2. cellulose = structural part of cell walls
3. glycogen = energy source for animal cells
4. chitin = part of fungal cell walls

Question 9

describe lipids

Answer 9

• found in cytoplasm
• phospholipids are the strcutre of biomembranes
• parts of hormones and vitamins
• they absorb shocks (fat around organs)

Question 10

describe proteins

Answer 10

• made of 20 amino acids
• amino acids linked by PEPTIDE BONES which create POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS

Question 11

functions of proteins?

Answer 11

1. structural proteins = parts of organelles, membranes
2. hormonal proteins
3. ANTIBODIES
4. ENZYMES

Question 12

what are nucleic acids

Answer 12

1. DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
2. RNA - ribonucleic acid
   - made of of nucleotides
   have a :
   A) NUCLEOBASE (nitrogen)
   B) PENTOSE (pentagon sugar shape 5 sides)
   C) a phosphate group

Question 13

what do cells differ in

Answer 13

1. shape
2. size
3. internal structure

Question 14

name shapes of cells

Answer 14

1. spherical
2. ovoid
3. cube-like
4. fibrous (squiggles)
5. fusiform (looks liek a leaf tbh)

Question 15

what is the average size of cell and bacteria

Answer 15

cell: 10-100nm
bacteria: 0,8nm