Chemical Components of the Cell Memorization Flashcards
glucose
galactose
mannose
beta sugar
has OH on same side of ring as CH2OH
alpha sugar
has OH on opposite side of ring as CH2OH
- fructose
glucose + fructose
sucrose
Sugars:
- monomer
- polymerization
- enhance complexity
- limit complexity
- can be bound to:
- function
- monosaccharide
- glycosidic bond
- can be alpha or beta linked; glycosidic linkage can be varied in location (C1 to C4)
- nada…
- proteins (glycosylated proteins = glycoproteins?) glycolipids=(sphingolipids?)
- structural components, sigaling, energy storage, receptors
glucose + glucose
maltose
galactose + glucose
lactose
glycosylated proteins are made in _____ where their sugars are added in the ______ from a fatty acid called ______. These sugars are modified in the _____ by _____.
ER
lumen of the ER
dolichol
modified in the golgi
by glycosyltransferases
non-vertebrates keep _____ in their sugar trees, but vertebrates _______ and instead have ______.
non-vertebrates keep mannose tree, but vertebrates trim mannose tree and have terminal sialic acid.
Proteins:
- amino acids
- peptide bond
- 20 different AAs, can be modified
- not all DNA sequences present (structural conservation), need to be functional (common/proper motifs), unidirectional, limited conformations
- sugars (glycoproteins), lipids (lipoproteins)
- species identification; blood group; cell surface receptors for matrix proteins and growth factors; anchorage for bacteria
______ targets enzymes to the lysosome so they can act as lysosomal enzymes
mannose-6-p
three fatty acids linked to glycerol through ester linkage; important for energy storage
triglycerides
Lipids:
- monomers
- polymerization
- enhance complexity
- limit complexity
- can add to it:
- function:
- fatty acids
- ester linkage to glycerol (triglycerides)
- di vs tri, varied chain lengths, sites of unsaturation, different polar head groups
- length of carbon chain can’t exceed ability to remain soluble or in membrane
- sugars, proteins
- structural components, signaling molecules, receptors, energy storage
coiled coil
alpha helices wrapped around each other. Hydrophobic AA interact with one another
beta sheet
alternating polar and nonpolar groups so one side of sheet is hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic
cAMP
cytosine
Nucleic Acids:
- monomers
- polymerization
- enhance complexity
- limit complexity
- can add to it:
- function:
- nucleotide
- phosphodiester linkage
- DNA vs RNA; 4 nucleotides; sequence of nucleotides
- DNA sequences must code for functional proteins; unidirectional
- nada
- energy storage, information storage (protein coding), coenzymes, signaling molecules
lipid: ceramide
lipid+ sugar: ganglioside
diamond: Neu5Ac
yellow circle: galactose
blue circle: glucose
yellow square: GalNAc
sialyl transferase typically adds
sialic acid to galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine. Most mammals sugar trees terminate in galactose, so to add sialic acid (typical capping sugar in humans), add sialyl transferase.
NTBC (which inhibits p-hydroxylphenylpyruvate dixoxygenase, hence conversion of p-hydroxylphenylpyruvate to homogentisate) is not appropriate to prescribe in:
PKU or Tyrosinemia II: there would be no substrate!
