Chemical Components of the Cell Memorization

Question 1

Answer 1

glucose

Question 2

Answer 2

galactose

Question 3

Answer 3

mannose

Question 4

beta sugar

Answer 4

has OH on same side of ring as CH2OH

Question 5

alpha sugar

Answer 5

has OH on opposite side of ring as CH2OH

Question 6

Answer 6

• fructose

Question 7

glucose + fructose

Answer 7

sucrose

Question 8

Sugars:

1. monomer
2. polymerization
3. enhance complexity
4. limit complexity
5. can be bound to:
6. function

Answer 8

1. monosaccharide
2. glycosidic bond
3. can be alpha or beta linked; glycosidic linkage can be varied in location (C1 to C4)
4. nada…
5. proteins (glycosylated proteins = glycoproteins?) glycolipids=(sphingolipids?)
6. structural components, sigaling, energy storage, receptors

Question 9

glucose + glucose

Answer 9

maltose

Question 10

galactose + glucose

Answer 10

lactose

Question 11

glycosylated proteins are made in _____ where their sugars are added in the ______ from a fatty acid called ______. These sugars are modified in the _____ by _____.

Answer 11

ER

lumen of the ER

dolichol

modified in the golgi

by glycosyltransferases

Question 12

non-vertebrates keep _____ in their sugar trees, but vertebrates _______ and instead have ______.

Answer 12

non-vertebrates keep mannose tree, but vertebrates trim mannose tree and have terminal sialic acid.

Question 13

Proteins:

Answer 13

1. amino acids
2. peptide bond
3. 20 different AAs, can be modified
4. not all DNA sequences present (structural conservation), need to be functional (common/proper motifs), unidirectional, limited conformations
5. sugars (glycoproteins), lipids (lipoproteins)
6. species identification; blood group; cell surface receptors for matrix proteins and growth factors; anchorage for bacteria

Question 14

______ targets enzymes to the lysosome so they can act as lysosomal enzymes

Answer 14

mannose-6-p

Question 15

three fatty acids linked to glycerol through ester linkage; important for energy storage

Answer 15

triglycerides

Question 16

Lipids:

1. monomers
2. polymerization
3. enhance complexity
4. limit complexity
5. can add to it:
6. function:

Answer 16

1. fatty acids
2. ester linkage to glycerol (triglycerides)
3. di vs tri, varied chain lengths, sites of unsaturation, different polar head groups
4. length of carbon chain can’t exceed ability to remain soluble or in membrane
5. sugars, proteins
6. structural components, signaling molecules, receptors, energy storage

Question 17

coiled coil

Answer 17

alpha helices wrapped around each other. Hydrophobic AA interact with one another

Question 18

beta sheet

Answer 18

alternating polar and nonpolar groups so one side of sheet is hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic

Question 19

Answer 19

cAMP

Question 20

Answer 20

cytosine

Question 21

Nucleic Acids:

1. monomers
2. polymerization
3. enhance complexity
4. limit complexity
5. can add to it:
6. function:

Answer 21

1. nucleotide
2. phosphodiester linkage
3. DNA vs RNA; 4 nucleotides; sequence of nucleotides
4. DNA sequences must code for functional proteins; unidirectional
5. nada
6. energy storage, information storage (protein coding), coenzymes, signaling molecules

Question 22

Answer 22

lipid: ceramide

lipid+ sugar: ganglioside

diamond: Neu5Ac

yellow circle: galactose

blue circle: glucose

yellow square: GalNAc

Question 23

sialyl transferase typically adds

Answer 23

sialic acid to galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine. Most mammals sugar trees terminate in galactose, so to add sialic acid (typical capping sugar in humans), add sialyl transferase.

Question 24

NTBC (which inhibits p-hydroxylphenylpyruvate dixoxygenase, hence conversion of p-hydroxylphenylpyruvate to homogentisate) is not appropriate to prescribe in:

Answer 24

PKU or Tyrosinemia II: there would be no substrate!