Chemical Components And Macromolecules

Question 1

What are the 5 chemically important bonds?

Answer 1

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bands, van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions.

Question 2

How are single carbon bonds different to double carbon bonds?

Answer 2

Double bonds are shorter and more rigid.

Question 3

What is an amphipathic molecule?

Answer 3

A molecule which is part hydrophobic, part hydrophilic - e.g. Membrane phospholipids.

Question 4

What are polysaccharides formed from?

Answer 4

Sugars

Question 5

What are fats formed from?

Answer 5

Carbon with other groups attached

Question 6

What are nucleus acids formed from?

Answer 6

Nucleotide based

Question 7

What are proteins formed from?

Answer 7

Amino acids

Question 8

Why are glucose, galactose and mannose isomers?

Answer 8

They all have the chemical formula C6H12O6

Question 9

Which bond forms a disaccharide?

Answer 9

A glycosidic bond

Question 10

What are oligosaccarides?

Answer 10

More complex polysaccharides.

Question 11

What is the purpose of glycoproteins?

Answer 11

Prevent blood cells sticking together, cell communication, cell identity

Question 12

Which part of a fatty acid is hydrophobic? Which part hydrophilic?

Answer 12

Hydrophobic = hydrocarbon tail.

Hydrophilic = carboxylate acid head.

Question 13

How are fatty acids metabolised to generate energy?

Answer 13

Broken down during beta oxidation to acetyl Co-A, which can be further metabolised in the TCA cycle.

Question 14

Which molecules forms cell membranes?

Answer 14

Phospholipids in the phospholipid bilayer.

Question 15

What roles do proteins in the phospholipid bilayer have?

Answer 15

Transporters, messengers, receptors, enzymes.

Question 16

What are the functions of nucleotides?

Answer 16

Form nucleus acids, source of chemical energy in their easily hydrolysed phosphoanhydride bonds, combine with other groups to form coenzymes, signalling molecule in the cell.

Question 17

What is a zwitterion?

Answer 17

An amino acid with no overall net charge, but has parts that are both positive and negative within it.

Question 18

Which bond joins amino acids?

Answer 18

Peptide bonds.

Question 19

What causes primary protein structure?

Answer 19

Amino acid sequence with covalent bonds

Question 20

What causes secondary protein structure?

Answer 20

Alpha helix or beta sheet, with hydrogen bonds.

Question 21

What causes tertiary protein structure?

Answer 21

3D structure of protein hydrophobic bonds.

Question 22

What causes quarternary structure?

Answer 22

Multi protein complex.