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GCSE CHEMISTRY > Chemical Changes CS > Flashcards

Chemical Changes CS Flashcards

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1
Q

How do metal oxides form?

A

Metals react with oxygen in an oxidation reaction.

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2
Q

What is reduction?

A

Loss of oxygen / gain of electrons.

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3
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Gain of oxygen / loss of electrons.

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4
Q

What happens to metals when they react with other substances?

A

Metal atoms form positive ions.

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5
Q

What is the reactivity of a metal determined by?

A

Their tendency to make positive ions.

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6
Q

List metals in order of reactivity.

A

Potassium Sodium, Lithium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, Copper

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7
Q

Which two non-metals are often included in the reactivity series?

A

Hydrogen and carbon.

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8
Q

How can metals less reactive than carbon be extracted from their oxides?

A

Reduction with carbon.

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9
Q

What is typically made when an acid reacts with some metals?

A

Salts and Hydrogen.

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10
Q

.How can acids be neutralised?

A

.Adding it to an alkali.

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11
Q

.What is the general word equation for a metal reacting with an acid?

A

.Metal + Acid à Salt + Hydrogen

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12
Q

.What is an example of an alkali?

A

.Soluble metal hydroxides.

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13
Q

.What is an example of a base?

A

.Insoluble metal hydroxides and metal oxides.

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14
Q

.What is the general word equation for a metal hydroxide reacting with an acid?

A

.Metal Hydroxide + Acid à Salt + Water

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15
Q

.What is the general word equation for a metal oxide reacting with an acid?

A

.Metal Oxide + Acid à Salt + Water

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16
Q

.What is the general word equation for a metal carbonate reacting with an acid?

A

.Metal Carbonate + Acid à Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

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17
Q

.What type of salt does hydrochloric acid produce?

A

.Chloride

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18
Q

.What type of salt does sulphuric acid produce?

A

.Sulphate

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19
Q

.What type of salt does nitric acid produce?

A

.Nitrate

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20
Q

.How can a soluble salt be made?

A

.Add acid in excess to a solid insoluble substance such as metal, metal oxide, carbonate or hydroxide and filter off the excess. Crystallise the salt solution made.

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21
Q

.What type of ions do acids produce in solution?

A

.H+

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22
Q

.What type of ions do alkalis produce in solution?

A

.OH-

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23
Q

.What is the pH scale?

A

.A scale from 0 to 14 that is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

24
Q

.What can be used to measure pH?

A

.Universal indicator or pH probe.

25
Q

.What is a pH of 7?

A

.Neutral solution

26
Q

.What is a pH value less than 7?

A

.Acidic solution

27
Q

.What is a pH value more than 7?

A

.Alkali solution

28
Q

.What happens during a neutralisation reaction?

A

.Hydrogen ions react with hydroxide ions to make water.

29
Q

.Write an equation to represent a neutralisation reaction.

A

. H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) à H2O(l)

30
Q

Define acid in terms of pH

A

A substance with a pH of less than 7

31
Q

Define acids in terms of ions

A

A substance which releases H? ions in solution

32
Q

What does (aq) stand for?

A

Aqueous: when something is dissolved in water. E.g. NaCl(aq) is salt water

33
Q

State the three common acids and give their formulae

A

Hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), Sulphuric acid, H?SO?(aq), Nitric acid, HNO?

34
Q

Which ions do the common acids form in solution?

A

HCl forms H? and Cl?, H?SO? forms 2H? and SO?²?, HNO? forms H? and NO??

35
Q

What is a neutral solution?

A

A solution with a pH of 7. Water is an example.

36
Q

How do you measure pH?

A

With an indicator or pH probe.

37
Q

What is a base?

A

A metal oxide, hydroxide or carbonate that will react with an acid. E.g. copper oxide

38
Q

What is an alkali?

A

A soluble base. E.g. sodium hydroxide

39
Q

Which ions are always present in a solution of an alkali?

A

OH?

40
Q

What is a salt?

A

A compound formed when some or all of the hydrogen from an acid is replaced by a metal. E.g. CuSO?, copper sulphate, where copper has replaced H from H?SO?

41
Q

What type of salts are formed by the three main acids?

A

Hydrochloric acid produces chlorides, sulphuric acid = sulphates, nitric acid = nitrates

42
Q

What is a neutralisation reaction?

A

A reaction involving an acid that results in a neutral solution

43
Q

Which ions always react together in a neutralization reactions between acids and alkalis?

A

H? and OH?

44
Q

Write the equation showing the reaction between H? and OH? ions

A

H? + OH? ? H?O

45
Q

metal + acid ?

A

? salt + hydrogen gas

46
Q

metal hydroxide + acid ?

A

? salt + water

47
Q

metal oxide + acid ?

A

? salt + water

48
Q

metal carbonate + acid ?

A

? salt + water + carbon dioxide

49
Q

How do you make a soluble salt from an acid?

A

React the acid with a base. E.g. to make copper sulphate react copper oxide with sulphuric acid

50
Q

If a salt is in solution, how do you extract it as a solid?

A

Allow the water to evaporate off and it will leave the salt behind as a solid.

51
Q

What is a strong acid?

A

An acid which completely splits up into its ions in water. E.g. when HCl is in water all the HCl molecules split up into H? and Cl?

52
Q

What is a weak acid?

A

An acid which will have some molecules which do not split up into their ions. E.g. in ethanoic acid only some of the molecules will have split up into the ethanoate ion and H? ions.

53
Q

What is the relationship between the strength of an acid and its pH?

A

As an acid increases in strength the pH decreases.

54
Q

What is a concentrated acid?

A

An acid where there are lots of acid particles in the water.

55
Q

What is a dilute acid?

A

An acid where there are fewer acid particles in the water.

56
Q

How is pH measured?

A

pH is related to the concentration of H? in a solution.

GCSE CHEMISTRY (4 decks)

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