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Chemistry > Chemical changes and structure > Flashcards

Chemical changes and structure Flashcards

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1
Q

atoms are made from

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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2
Q

where are the electrons found

A

in the atoms orbit

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3
Q

atoms have an equal number of protons and…

A

electron

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4
Q

what does the atomic number tell us

A

how many protons an atom has

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5
Q

what does the mass number tell us

A

the total number of protons and electrons

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6
Q

what are isotopes

A

different forms of the same element but with a different number of neutrons

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7
Q

what is relative atomic mass

A

the average mass of an element, taking into account all the isotopes

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8
Q

what is valency

A

the number of electrons an atom of an element uses to combine with others

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9
Q

ions are made when…

A

electrons are transferred

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10
Q

how are negative and positive ions formed

A

positive ions are formed when an atom loses electrons
negative ions are formed when an atom gains electrons

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11
Q

how are ionic bonds formed

A

when a metal and non-metal react together they form a positive and negative ion.
these ions are strongly attracted to eachother, which is called an ionic bond

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12
Q

what structure do ionic compounds have

A

regular lattice

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13
Q

why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points

A

because there are strong ionic bonds between the ions

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14
Q

what are covalent bonds

A

where atoms share electrons with each other to have a full outer energy level

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15
Q

why are covalent bonds very strong

A

the positively charged nuclei of the atoms are attracted to the shared electrons

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16
Q

what are diatomic molecules

A

covalent molecules containing only two atoms

17
Q

what are the diatomic elements

A

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
Have No Fear Of Ice CoLd BeeR

18
Q

why are the melting and boiling points of covalent molecular substances low

A

because the forces of attraction between the molecules are weak

19
Q

what determines the shape of covalent molecular substances

A

the number and direction of bonds around the central atom

20
Q

what is the gram formula mass

A

the average masses of all the atoms or ions in a compound added together

21
Q

what is a base

A

substance that neutralises an acid

22
Q

what solution can be made by dissolving a soluble base in water

A

an alkaline solution

23
Q

what solution can be made by dissolving a soluble non-metal oxide in water

A

an acidic solution

24
Q

what ions do acids form in water

A

H+ ions

25
Q

what ions do alkalis form when dissolved in water

A

OH- ions

26
Q

what products are produced when an acid and a base react together

A

salt + water

27
Q

what are the most common salts and acids

A

hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid.
chloride salt, sulfate salt, nitrate salt

28
Q

what products are produced when an acid, metal oxide or hydroxide react together

A

salt + water

29
Q

what are spectator ions

A

ions that remain unchanged after the reaction

30
Q

what are titrations used for

A

to analyse the concentration of solutions. titrations tell us exactly how much of an acid is needed to neutralise an alkali/ vice versa

31
Q

what pH value would a neutral solution have

A

7

32
Q

describe the relationship between the concentration of H+ ions and pH

A

the higher the concentration of H+ ions a compound has, the more acidic it is

33
Q

what is the rate of a chemical reaction measuring

A

how frequently particles collide

34
Q

what are the four factors that affect the rate of reaction

A

temperature, concentration, surface area, and the presence of a catalyst

35
Q

why does temperature affect the rate of a reaction

A

because an increase in temperature is an increase in particle speed, causing collisions to happen more frequently

36
Q

the rate of a reaction can be measured in different ways, such as…

A

change in mass, volume of gas given off or precipitation and colour change

37
Q
A

Chemistry (2 decks)

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