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GCSE CHEMISTRY > Chemical Changes > Flashcards

Chemical Changes Flashcards

Master the Chemical Changes topic

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1
Q

What is the mnemonic for oxidation and reduction?

A

OILRIG

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2
Q

What compounds are formed when metals react with oxygen?

A

Metal oxides

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3
Q

Which kinds of ions do metals form?

A

Positive ions, as they lose electrons

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4
Q

Recite the reactivity series.

A 
Potassium
Sodium
Lithium
Calcium
Magnesium
Zinc
Iron
Copper
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5
Q

Which substances does potassium react with?

A

Oxygen (burns), water, and acids (violently)

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6
Q

Which substances does sodium react with?

A

Oxygen (burns), water, and acids (violently)

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7
Q

Which substances does lithium react with?

A

Oxygen (burns), water, and acids (violently)

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8
Q

Which substances does calcium react with?

A

Oxygen (burns), water and acids

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9
Q

Which substances does magnesium react with?

A

Oxygen (burns), water and acids

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10
Q

Which substances does zinc react with?

A

Oxygen (forms oxide when heated), acid

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11
Q

Which substances does iron react with?

A

Oxygen (forms oxide when heated, acid (slowly)

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12
Q

Which substances does copper react with?

A

Oxygen (forms oxide when heated)

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13
Q

Which metals can be extracted using carbon?

A

Any that are lower in the reactivity series

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14
Q

Where is carbon in the reactivity series?

A

Between Magnesium and Zinc

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15
Q

What is extraction using carbon called?

A

Reduction with carbon

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16
Q

What are the four ways salts can be made?

A

acid + metal oxide → salt + water
acid + metal hydroxide → salt + water
acid + metal → salt + hydrogen
acid + metal carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide

17
Q

What is the chemical formula for hydrochloric acid?

A

HCl

18
Q

What is the chemical formula for nitric acid?

A

HNO3

19
Q

What is the chemical formula for sulfuric acid?

A

H2SO4

20
Q

Which ions do acids produce in aqueous solutions?

A

Hydrogen ions (H+)

21
Q

In neutralisation reactions, which ions react with what to produce what?

A

Hydrogen ions react with hydroxide ions to produce water

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)

22
Q

Is a pH of 14 acidic or alkaline?

A

Alkaline.

23
Q

What are the steps of a titration?

A

eg:

  1. Use a pipette to transfer 25cm^3 of sodium hydroxide solution into a conical flask
  2. Add 5 drops of indicator such as methyl orange to the flask
  3. Fill a burette with sulfuric acid
  4. Add acid to the alkali until the solution is neutral. Once you start to see a colour change, only add acid drop by drop. Swirl as you go along to make sure they mix
  5. Read the volume of acid added from the burette
  6. Repeat until you have two results within 0.1cm^3
24
Q

How do you do titration calculation?

A
  1. Convert volumes to dm^3
  2. Determine the number of moles of the reactant where you know the concentration
  3. Work out the mole ratio
  4. Calculate the concentration.
25
Q

What is the difference between a strong acid and a concentrated acid?

A

Strong refers to how ionised the acid is in an aqueous solution, concentrated refers to how much of the acid there is.

26
Q

What does a decrease of on pH mean?

A

It means that the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution is 10 times higher (the acid is 10x stronger)

27
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

A liquid or solution with an ionic compound melted or dissolved in it.

28
Q

Explain the mnemonic ‘PANIC’

A

Positive Anode, Negative is Cathode

29
Q

To which electrode do positively charged ions move to?

A

To the Cathode, because opposites attract

30
Q

What happens at the electrodes when the ions arrive?

A

They are discharged to produce elements

31
Q

What does ‘Inert’ mean in chemistry?

A

Unreactive

32
Q

When simple ionic compounds (molten) are electrolysed using inert electrodes, what is produced at which electrode?

A

The metal is produced at the cathode and the non metal is produced ad the anode.

33
Q

How is aluminium manufactured/extracted?

A

It is manufactured by the electrolysis of a molten mixture of aluminium oxide and cryolite. It is dissolved in molten cryolite as cryolite has a much lower melting point that aluminium oxide, which saves money and energy.

34
Q

What is one thing to remember while writing about electrolysis?

A

IONS travel to the electrodes, not the elements. eg: always specify aluminium IONS

35
Q

In aluminium extraction, why must the anode be continually replaced?

A

The oxygen reacts with the carbon in the electrodes, forming carbon dioxide which bubbles off. Carbon is therefore lost from the positive electrodes, so they must be replaced frequently.

36
Q

During the electrolysis of aqueous solutions, what is produced at the anode?

A

Oxygen, unless the solution contains halide ions when the halogen is produced.

37
Q

During the electrolysis of aqueous solutions, what is produce at the cathode?

A

Hydrogen, if the metal is more reactive than hydrogen.

38
Q

Write a balanced half equation for the formation of calcium from a calcium ion, Ca2+

A

Ca2+ + 2e- → Ca

GCSE CHEMISTRY (5 decks)

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