chemical bonding, structure and physical properties of substances

Question 1

where is ionic bonding formed

Answer 1

between metal and non-metal atoms

Question 2

ionic bonding definition

Answer 2

strong electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions

Question 3

structure of ionic bonding

Answer 3

giant ionic structure

Question 4

what does the ionic bonding structure consist of?

Answer 4

continuously repeating 3-dimensional lattice of positive and negative ions

Question 5

melting and boiling point of ionic compounds

Answer 5

high melting, boiling point.
explanation: large amount of heat energy is needed to break the strong ionic bonds.

Question 6

electrical conductivity of ionic compounds

Answer 6

conductor of electricity in molten and aqueous state.
explanation: in solid state, the ions are not free-moving. in molten or aqueous state, the ions are free moving and hence can conduct electricity.

Question 7

solubility (in water/organic solvent) in ionic compounds

Answer 7

soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents

Question 8

where is covalent bonding formed?

Answer 8

between non-metal atoms

Question 9

definition of covalent bonds

Answer 9

strong bond that is formed by the sharing of electrons

Question 10

one pair of shared electrons is represented by ‘—‘. what is this known as

Answer 10

single covalent bond

Question 11

what is simple covalent? give examples

Answer 11

covalent bonds among few atoms, H2, H2O, NH3, CH4, CO2

Question 12

what is giant covalent? give examples

Answer 12

covalent bonds among large number of atoms. diamond, silicon, graphite.

Question 13

what does the simple covalent structure consist of?

Answer 13

many molecules

Question 14

what are the molecules in simple covalent substances attracted together by?

Answer 14

weak intermolecular forces

Question 15

within each molecule, what are between atoms in simple covalent bonding?

Answer 15

strong covalent bonds

Question 16

what is the structure of simple covalent substances known as?

Answer 16

simple covalent structure

Question 17

melting and boiling point of simple covalent substances

Answer 17

low melting and boiling point
explanation: small amount of heat energy is needed to break the weak intermolecular forces
note** when melting or boiling simple covalent substances we are breaking the weak intermolecular forces and not the covalent bond between the atoms.

Question 18

electrical conductivity of simple covalent substances, explain

Answer 18

non-conductor of electricity in any states
explanation: there are no free-moving electrons to conduct electricity

Question 19

solubility of simple covalent substances

Answer 19

insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents

Question 20

what does the structure of giant covalent substances consist of

Answer 20

it consists of atoms forming covalent bonds throughout the entire structure

Question 21

what is the structure of giant covalent substances known as?

Answer 21

giant covalent structure

Question 22

examples of giant covalent substances

Answer 22

diamond, graphite, silicon, silicon dioxide

Question 23

in the structure of diamond, each carbon atom form covalent bond with how many other carbon atoms throughout?

Answer 23

4

Question 24

what arrangement/shape does the bonding between atoms in diamond result in

Answer 24

tetrahedral arrangement/shape

Question 25

melting and boiling point of diamond

Answer 25

high melting and boiling point explanation: large amount of heat energy is needed to break the strong covalent bonds

Question 26

electrical conductivity of diamond

Answer 26

does not conduct electricity explanation: there are no free-moving (mobile) electrons to conduct electricity. (each carbon atom in diamond used all outer electron in bonding.

Question 27

solubility of diamond

Answer 27

insoluble in both water and organic solvents

Question 28

hardness of diamond

Answer 28

very hard because of the strong covalent bonds keeps the carbon atoms in fixed position when force is applied.

Question 29

uses of diamond

Answer 29

tips of drilling or cutting tools

Question 30

in the structure of graphite, each carbon atom forms covalent bonds with how many other carbon atoms

Answer 30

3

Question 31

what arrangement/shape does the bonding between atoms results in graphite

Answer 31

hexagonal arrangement/shape

Question 32

the many layers of graphite are held together by what

Answer 32

weak intermolecular forces

Question 33

melting and boiling point of graphite

Answer 33

high melting and boiling points explanation: large amount of energy is needed to break the strong covalent bonds

Question 34

electrical conductivity of graphite

Answer 34

can conduct electricity explanation: there are free-moving (mobile) electrons to conduct electricity

Question 35

solubility of graphite

Answer 35

insoluble in water and organic solvents

Question 36

hardness of graphite

Answer 36

soft and slippery explanation: the layers of carbon atoms are able to slide over one another when a force is applied.

Question 37

uses of graphite

Answer 37

in pencil lead as a solid lubricant to reduce friction in machinery in brushes for electric motors and as electrodes

Question 38

state the type of structure silicon belongs to

Answer 38

giant covalent structure

Question 39

state the properties of silicon - melting and boiling point - electrical conductivity - hard or soft solid - solubility in water and organic solvents

Answer 39

- high melting and boiling point - poor conductor of electricity - hard solid - insoluble in water and organic solvents

Question 40

state the type of structure silicon belongs to

Answer 40

giant covalent structure

Question 41

state the properties of silicon - melting and boiling point - electrical conductivity - hard or soft solid - solubility in water and organic solvents

Answer 41

- high melting and boiling points - non-conductor of electricity - hard solid - insoluble in water and organic solvents

Question 42

metal atoms in the structure loses their valence electron and form what?

Answer 42

positive ions

Question 43

the valence electrons are __________ , giving rise to ____________.

Answer 43

free-moving, ‘sea’ if delocalised valence electrons

Question 44

what does the attraction between the positive metal ions and the mobile electrons result in?

Answer 44

metallic bonding

Question 45

definition of metallic bonding

Answer 45

strong electrostatic attraction between the metal ions and the delocalised valence electrons

Question 46

melting and boiling point of metals

Answer 46

high melting and boiling point exception: mercury is a liquid at room temperature explanation: large amount of heat energy is needed to break the strong metallic bonds

Question 47

electrical conductivity of metals

Answer 47

metals can conduct electricity in all states explanation: there are free-moving (mobile) electrons present to conduct electricity.

Question 48

solubility of metals

Answer 48

insoluble in water and organic solvents note** some metals react with water to form compounds

Question 49

lattice definition

Answer 49

it refers to a regular three-dimensional, orderly arrangement of particles