Chemical Bonding: Covalent Bonds

Question 1

A ____________________ uses chemical symbols and numbers to show a molecule’s composition. It gives crucial
details on a molecule’s composition and structure by indicating the kinds and quantities of atoms that make
up the molecule.

Answer 1

Molecular Formula

Question 2

TRUE OR FALSE

The formula consists of the chemical symbols of the elements present in the molecule, followed by subscripts
that indicate the number of each type of atom.

Answer 2

True NYAKKKKK

Question 3

This shows the simplest whole-number ratio of the elements in a compound.

Answer 3

Empirical formula

Question 4

Refers to the type of chemical bond where two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. This sharing allows each atom to attain the electron configuration of a noble gas, leading to greater stability.

Answer 4

Covalent Bond

Question 5

Form when metals and non-metals react, with the metal losing electrons to become positively charged and the non-metal gaining electrons to become negatively charged.

Answer 5

Ionic bond

Question 6

A type of chemical bonding that arises from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons.

Answer 6

Metallic bond

Question 7

A special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules that occurs when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom.

Answer 7

Hydrogen bond

Question 8

How are covalent bonds formed?

Answer 8

• Covalent bonds arise from the sharing of electrons between two (2) atoms.
• Follows the octet rule requiring all atoms in a molecule to have eight (8) valence electrons by sharing to become stable
• Covalent bonds form when two (2) nonmetallic atoms have the same or similar electronegativity values.
• Each single covalent bond consists of two (2) shared electrons. Double covalent bonds possess four (4) shared electrons and triple covalent bonds have six (6) shared electrons.

Question 9

Guidelines on naming covalent compounds

Answer 9

1) The first element is simply written as is.
2) The second element is named by taking the stem of the element and adding -ide.
3) A prefix is added to specify the number of atoms in a molecule.
4) If the second element is oxygen, the vowel is usually omitted. (monoxide, dioxide, trioxide.)
5) Some compounds have common names that are usually used. These compounds have systematic
names that are usually used in translating chemical equations.

Question 10

These arise from bonds between atoms of different electronegativity.

Answer 10

Bond Polarities

Question 11

Polar bonds are treated as __________ (with both direction and magnitude) pointing from the positively charged atom to the negatively charged atom.

Answer 11

Vectors

Question 12

TRUE OR FALSE

The size of the vector is proportional to the difference in electronegativity of the two (2) atoms.

Answer 12

TRUE AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGHH

Question 13

TRUE OR FALSE

If the two (2) atoms are identical, the magnitude of the vector is non-zero and the bond is polar.

Answer 13

FALSE BLEHH

This is true:
If the two (2) atoms are identical, the magnitude of the vector is ZERO and the bond is NONPOLAR.

Question 14

Steps on How To Predict a Molecular Polarity

Answer 14

1. Draw a Lewis structure with correct geometry and identify each bond as either polar or nonpolar.
2. The molecule is nonpolar if:
   a. No polar bond exists.
   b. Central atoms have no lone pair, and all bonded atoms are the same.
   c. Arrangement symmetrical with vector arrows (electronegativity differences) of equal length.
   d. The sum of vectors is equal to zero.
3. The molecule is polar if vector arrows do not cancel.