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Chemical and Physical Properties Flashcards

1
Q

What is the NFPA’s definition of Risk Based Response?

A

A systematic process, based on the facts, science, and circumstances of the incident, by which responders analyze a problem involving hazardous materials/WMD to assess the hazards and consequences, develop an incident action plan (IAP), and evaluate the effectiveness of the plan.

—NFPA 470 3.3.75

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

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2
Q

(1.) — are characteristics that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical identity of the material. Some examples of physical properties include color, odor, and boiling point.

A
  1. physical properties

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3
Q

(1.) — is defined as how easily something will burn or ignite, causing fire or combustion.

A
  1. flammability

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4
Q

(1.) — is the degree to which a product can damage an organism. In product hazard analysis, we generally discuss toxicity in relation to its potential to cause death or serious harm to humans.

A
  1. toxicity

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5
Q

(1.) — refers to the degree to which a product damages metal or organic tissues—most notably the skin or internal organs (if ingested).

A
  1. corrosivity

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6
Q

(1.) — refers to a chemical’s tendency to interact with other chemicals, sometimes violently. Some chemicals react violently when exposed to water or air.

A
  1. reactivity

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7
Q

(1.) — refers to the emission of ionizing radiation, a form of energy that can lead to changes in living cells. You will learn more about radioactivity if you take Chemical Hazard Analysis for Risk Based Response.

A
  1. radioactivity

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

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8
Q

What are the six critical components of a product hazard analysis?

A
  1. Physical properties
  2. Flammability
  3. Toxicity
  4. Corrosivity
  5. Reactivity
  6. Radioactivity

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9
Q

What are the four incident considerations evaluated during the Risk-Based Response process?

A
  1. Product
  2. Container
  3. Environment
  4. Cause

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

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10
Q

Risk-based response is based on (1.) —, (2.) — and (3.) —. (4.) are pieces of information that are known or can be proven to be true. (5.) refers to a systematically organized body of knowledge on the physical and natural world. (6.) are conditions connected to or relevant to an incident or event.

A
  1. Facts
  2. Science
  3. Circumstances
  4. Facts
  5. Science
  6. Circumstances

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11
Q

There are some materials that never become a liquid as they transition from a solid to a gas or vapor. This process is called (1.) —.

A
  1. sublimation

For example, dry ice changes phase directly from its solid form to the gaseous form of carbon dioxide.nnected to or relevant to an incident or event.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

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12
Q

The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes its phase to a gas/vapor at its (1.) — possible rate.

A
  1. fastest

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13
Q

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is (1.) — pounds per square inch (PSI) or (2.) — millimeters of mercury (mm/Hg).

A
  1. 14.7
  2. 760

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14
Q

(1.) — is a measure of the pressure exerted by the surface of a liquid and some solids against atmospheric pressure at a given temperature.

A
  1. Vapor pressure (Vp)

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

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15
Q

Vapor pressure indicates a material’s ability to evaporate. Substances with a (1.) — vapor pressure will evaporate more readily than those with a (2.) — vapor pressure.

A
  1. higher
  2. lower

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16
Q

(1.) — is the ability of one product to be dissolved by another.

A
  1. solubility

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17
Q

(1.) — is the weight or density of a substance in comparison to water (with water being “1”).

A
  1. specific gravity (SG)

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18
Q

(1.) — is the weight of a vapor at a given temperature and pressure.

A
  1. vapor density (Vd)

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19
Q

When analyzing a product’s flammability hazards, you must consider several variables. For combustion to occur, the material must first be evolving sufficient (1.) —. Second, the gases or vapors must be in a proper (2.) — in air to support combustion. Third, an (3.) — source must be present.

A
  1. vapors
  2. concentration
  3. ignition

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20
Q

(1.) — is the minimum temperature at which a liquid and some volatile solids will produce enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture in the air.

A
  1. Flash point

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21
Q

(1.) — refers to the range between the lower explosive limit (LEL) and upper explosive limit (UEL), expressed as a percentage. Below the LEL, the vapor/air mixture is “too lean to burn.” Above the UEL, the mixture is “too rich to burn.”

A
  1. Flammable range

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22
Q

(1.) — is the minimum temperature required to initiate or cause combustion.
It is also known as autoignition temperature.

A
  1. Ignition temperature

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23
Q

At a chemical’s (1.) —, if an ignition source is introduced, the mixture will flash but will not continue to burn because the vapor has been consumed. However, depending upon the material involved, with slight increases in temperature beyond the flash point, the material will continue to burn if ignited. This higher temperature is referred to as the (2.) —.

A
  1. flash point
  2. fire point (AKA flame point)

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24
Q

The National Fire Protection Association identifies combustible materials as those substances with a flash point of greater than (1.) —.

A
  1. 100°F (38°C)

The U.S. Department of Transportation uses 140°F (60°C) to differentiate between flammable and combustible liquids.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

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25
Q

The National Fire Protection Association identifies flammable materials as those substances with a flash point of less than (1.) —.

A
  1. 100°F (38°C)

The U.S. Department of Transportation uses 140°F (60°C) to differentiate between flammable and combustible liquids.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

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26
Q

A chemical’s (1.) — is the minimum percentage concentration of gas or vapor in air needed for combustion to occur if an ignition source is provided.

A
  1. lower explosive limit (LEL)

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27
Q

The range between the LEL and UEL is referred to as the (1.) —.

A
  1. flammable range

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28
Q

The (1.) — is the maximum percentage concentration of gas or vapor in air which will allow for combustion to occur.

A
  1. upper explosive limit (UEL)

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29
Q

During (1.) —, there is very little or no visible smoke.

A
  1. complete combustion

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

30
Q

If insufficient (1.) — is present for the combustion process, then incomplete combustion will occur, resulting in the production of large qualities of carbon monoxide.

A
  1. oxygen

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

31
Q

Some common toxic gases produced during combustion include:

(1.) —
(2.) —
(3.) —
(4.) — of nitrogen and sulfur
(5.) — gases
(6.) — aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

A
  1. Carbon monoxide
  2. Hydrogen cyanide
  3. Formaldehyde (a confirmed carcinogen) and other aldehydes
  4. Oxides
  5. Acid
  6. Polycyclic

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

32
Q

(1.) — is the minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion of a flammable gas or vapor within its flammable range.

A
  1. Ignition temperature (AKA autoignition temperature)

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

33
Q

(1.) — is the minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion of a flammable gas or vapor within its flammable range.

A
  1. Ignition temperature (AKA autoignition temperature)

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

34
Q

The (1.) — is the airborne concentration at which, if exposed by the inhalation route of exposure, injury or irreversible health effects may result.

NIOSH has also identified flammable concentrations of (2.) — percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL) to be an IDLH environment.

A
  1. IDLH
  2. 10

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

35
Q

A (1.) — material is one that damages metal or organic tissues.

A
  1. corrosive

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

36
Q

An acidic material, known as an acid, releases a (1.) — ion when dissolved in water.

A
  1. hydronium (H+)

The more hydronium ions there are in a solution, the more acidic it is.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

37
Q

A material with a pH of (1.) —, such as pure water, is neutral—neither acidic nor alkaline (or basic)

A
  1. 7

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

38
Q

An alkaline material, known as a base, releases a ion when dissolved in water.

A
  1. hydroxide (OH-)

The more hydroxide ions there are in a solution, the more basic (alkaline) it is. Bases are also referred to as caustic.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

39
Q

What does “pH” stand for?

A
  1. percent hydrogen

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

40
Q

As the ratio of H+ or OH- ions to water molecules change, so does the pH. As an example, pure water has a pH of 7. This means that one in every (1.) — water molecules has lost a hydrogen nucleus to make a hydronium ion (H+).

A
  1. 10,000,000

The number 10,000,000 has seven zeros. Using the same logic, a substance with a pH of 5 would have one hydronium ion (H+) for every 100,000 water molecules.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

41
Q

Neutralization is an acid-base reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to form (1.) — and water—thus reducing corrosivity hazards.

A
  1. salt

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

42
Q

Simply put, acids neutralize bases, and bases neutralize acids. However, the neutralization process involves a complicated formula. Fortunately, the (1.) — has a neutralization calculator that simplifies this task for responders. Given an amount of an acid or base, it will suggest neutralization substances and quantities required

A
  1. Emergency Response Decision Support System (ERDSS)

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

43
Q

Not only is it important to determine the strength of an acid or base, but we must also identify the (1.) ——or how much of the substance is in water.

A
  1. concentration

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

44
Q

The term (1.) — is given to pure or nearly pure organic acids. such as glacial acetic acid.

A
  1. glacial

*e.g., glacial acetic acid

Weak acids in high concentration can present a significant hazard.*

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

45
Q

Although the pH of acetic acid (vinegar) is around 4.7, in its (1.) — form, it is virtually pure at 99.8%. At this concentration, it will fume, it will present with a fire risk, and it will damage skin on contact.

A
  1. glacial

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

46
Q

Although the pH of acetic acid (vinegar) is around 4.7, in its (1.) — form, it is virtually pure at 99.8%. At this concentration, it will fume, it will present with a fire risk, and it will damage skin on contact.

A
  1. glacial

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

47
Q

A substance’s (1.) — level tells you its (2.) —, or its ability to release H+ or OH- ions to form an acid or base.

A substance’s (3.) — refers to how much of the substance there is in (4.) — .

A
  1. pH
  2. strength
  3. concentration
  4. water

Responders should always evaluate both pH (strength) and concentration when assessing the risks presented by corrosives.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

48
Q

An (1.) — reaction is a chemical reaction that requires the absorption of heat energy to initiate and sustain the reaction.

A
  1. endothermic

We typically see endothermic reactions as those that absorb heat, which results in cooling. For example, ammonium nitrate and water are commonly used in cold packs for medical care.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

49
Q

An (1.) — reaction is a chemical reaction accompanied by the release of energy in the form of heat. We typically see this in the form of heat, and in the case of combustion, associated light.

A
  1. exothermic

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

50
Q

(1.) — reactivity refers to materials that will undergo a chemical reaction on contact with air. The reaction is most commonly (2.) —-thermic.

A
  1. air
  2. endo-

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

51
Q

(1.) — reactivity refers to materials that will undergo an (2.) —-thermic reaction on contact with water or moisture in the air.

A
  1. water
  2. exo-

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

52
Q

A (1.) — reaction is one involving the spontaneous ignition of materials in contact with air, water, or moisture in the air.

A
  1. pyrophoric

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

53
Q

An (1.) — reaction is one in which one material, called an oxidizer, takes electrons from other materials, called (2.) — agents.

A
  1. oxidation
  2. reducing
    *
    Combustion is the perfect example of oxidation. Oxidation reactions can be slow, such the rusting of iron, or rapid, as seen in combustion, hypergolic reactions, or explosives.*

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

54
Q

A (1.) — reaction is a spontaneous violent reaction that results from the combination of two reactive substances.

A
  1. hypergolic

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

55
Q

(1.) — materials are explosive materials or substances that have the potential of undergoing rapid chemical reactions to produce large volumes of gases and associated shockwaves.

A
  1. Energetic

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

56
Q

In this type of reaction, certain molecules (known as monomers) combine to form chainlike macromolecules (known as polymers).

A
  1. Polymerization

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

57
Q

A (1.) — is a chemical compound capable of undergoing a polymerization reaction to form polymers and synthetic resins.

A
  1. monomer

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

58
Q

(1.) — are organic compounds involving the peroxide functional group, which is an unstable arrangement of two (2.) — joined by a single bond.

A
  1. organic peroxides
  2. oxygen atoms

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

59
Q

(1.) — are organic compounds involving the peroxide functional group, which is an unstable arrangement of two (2.) — joined by a single bond.

A
  1. organic peroxides
  2. oxygen atoms

Simple application of heat can result in the violent decomposition of the material.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

60
Q

Atomic nuclei consist of two types of subatomic particles, positively charged (1.) — and electrically neutral (2.) —. The ratio of these subatomic particles is generally very close to (3.) —.

A
  1. protons
  2. neutrons
  3. 1:1

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

61
Q

An atom is stable when it remains close to a one-to-one proton-to-neutron ratio. As an atom diverges from this ratio, it begins to become unstable and will undergo a decay process and emit (1.) — radiation.

A
  1. ionizing

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

62
Q

(1.) — decay is the process by which the nucleus of an atom releases particles or energy in order to reach a stable state.

A
  1. radioactive

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

63
Q

(1.) — radiation is any radiation capable of displacing electrons from atoms, thereby producing ions.

A
  1. Ionizing

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

64
Q

State five types of ionizing radiation.

A
  1. alpha particles
  2. beta particles
  3. gamma rays
  4. neutrons
  5. x rays

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

65
Q

An alpha particle is a particle made up of (1.) — emitted from the nucleus of an unstable atom

A
  1. two protons and two neutrons

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

66
Q

Alpha particles are a nucleus of the (1.) — atom with no electrons.

A
  1. helium

An alpha particle will readily ionize atoms in the air to gain two electrons and become a stable helium atom.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

67
Q

A beta particle is fast-moving, electron-sized particle emitted from the nucleus of an unstable atom during decay.

A

1.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

68
Q

Gamma rays are high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus of unstable atoms during radioactive decay.A beta particle is fast-moving, electron-sized particle emitted from the nucleus of an unstable atom during decay.

A

1.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

69
Q

Neutrons have the possibility of striking the nuclei of other materials and causing them to fragment and throw off parts of the nucleus. If this change in atomic mass of the atom it strikes results in an unstable proton-to-neutron ratio, then that atom may undergo decay and emit ionizing radiation. Neutron radiation is very penetrating.

A

1.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

70
Q

The periodic table shows the number of protons (the atomic number) and the atomic mass, or weight, of the atom. If we subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass (after rounding
it to the nearest whole number), we can identify the number of neutrons in the nucleus. If this ratio is close to one to one,
it generally will not produce ionizing radiation.

A

1.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

71
Q

All elements on the periodic table have what are called isotopes. These isotopes have the same number of protons as the most common form represented on the periodic table, but they have a different number of neutrons.

A

1.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

72
Q

All elements on the periodic table have what are called isotopes. These isotopes have the same number of protons as the most common form represented on the periodic table, but they have a different number of neutrons.

A

1.

NETC Q0259 Online Course: Chemical and Physical Properties Terms

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