Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems 121 Flashcards
What is the definition of current?
Current is the movement of electrons from negative to positive. (I)
What is a Galvanic cell?
Basically a battery. Current (electrons) travels from negative to positive. Electrons are picked up by the metal ions at the cathode which causes a metal plating or gain of mass on the solid metal. The anode loses mass because it is losing electrons. Anode is being oxidized and is losing electrons while cathode is being reduced and gaining electrons. In the solution, anions (negatively charged particles) flow towards the anode and cations flow toward the cathode in order to keep solutions neutral to allow cell to continue running.
What is the equation for charge?
Q=It
What is one volt equal to?
1Joul/1Coul
What is the cell potential for a spontaneous reaction?
Positive (Delta G will be negative because spontaneous) If cell potential is zero delta G will be zero too If cell potential is negative, Delta G will be positive
What is the Nernst equation?
she measures a potential of 0.030 V
What is the standard concentration required for a standard cell? (galvanic, voltaic)
1M in solution
What is a conjugate base?
Whenever you take away a hydrogen atom you create a conjugate base.
What is a conjugate acid?
Whenever you add a hydrogen, you get a conjugate acid.
What is the definition of a Arrhenius acid and base?
An Arrhenius acid will release H3O+ ions into solution.
An arrhenius acid will release Hydroxide (OH-) into solution.
What is the Bronstead lowry definition of acids and bases?
Acids donate protons (H+).
Bases accept protons.
What is a lewis acid?
electron pair acceptor
Also known as an electrophile
What is a lewis base?
electron donor
also known as a nucleophile
What is a chiral carbon?
A carbon with four different substiuents
What does phosphoric acid look like?
What does an amide bond look like?
Glycosidic Bond
Ester Bond
Hydrogen Bond
What happens to a sphingolipid in the presence of a strong acid?
Strongly acidic hydrolysis conditions result in cleavage of both the amide and the phosphate ester.
What is average velocity?
Total displacement over time
A certain farsighted person cannot see objects closer than 100 cm (often called the near point). What is the power of the corrective lens that will bring the near point to 25 cm?
The corrective lens would make an object that is 25 cm appear to be at 100 cm (since the eye can only see objects at a distance greater than or equal to this). Since the image is to appear on the same side of the lens as the object, the image distance must be negative. This means that in the equation 1 / o + 1 / i = 1 / f, o = 25 cm and i = –100 cm. Since lens power P = 1 / f, we see that P = 1 / (25 cm) + 1 / (–100 cm) = 1 / (0.25 m) – 1 / (1 m) = 4 D – 1 D = 3 D.
What is the focal length?
Half of the radius of curvature for a mirror
What must be positive in order to have a real image in a mirror?
di must be positive (meaning image is in front of the mirror)
What is focal length?
Distance from focal point to the mirror.
For a concave mirror the focal length is positive and for a convex mirror the focal length is negative.
What is the focal length equation?
1/focal length=1/distance of object(do) +1/distance of image (di)
What is the magnification equation?
Image height (hI)/ object height (ho)
also equal to -di/do
If magnification is positive then the image is upright with respect to the object.
If magnification is negative then the image is inverted with respect to the object.
If the av of the magnification is greater than 1 than the image is larger or taller than the actual object and vise versa.
How do you get the height of an image?
Multiply found magnification by height of object (ho)
M=hi/ho
What is the lense power equation?
1/focal length=Power
What lense do you use to correct nearsightedness (myopia)?
Concave lenses
What kind of lense do you use to correct farsightedness (hyperopia)?
Convex lense
An electron that is further away from the nucleus is what?
It is lower in energy than an electron closer to the nucleus.
the gap between adjacent energy levels decreases with increasing distance from the nucleus. Thus the n = 5 to n = 4 is indeed a lower energy transition than the n = 4 to n = 3 transition.
So n=5 to n=4 can emit red light while n=4 to n=3 can emit yellow light since red light is lower energy and takes less energy to form that comes from the jump from transition states.
What does n and l stand for?
n is the energy level of an electron in an orbital surrounding a nucleus.
L is the shape of the orbital. When L is zero the orbital is S also known as spherical. When L is one the orbital is P and dumbell shaped. When L is 2 it is the D orbital and is shaped like a clover. When L is 3 it is the F orbital.
L is always less than or equal to n-1
What does a kinase do?
Phosphorylates which either increases or decreases activity.
Kind of adds phosphates.
What is the PDC and what does it do?
The PDC normally converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2 and generating NADH in the process. With increased PDC activity, pyruvate concentrations in the cell will mostly likely decrease.
PDC is a multiple enzyme complex that catalyzes the production of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate produced by glycolysis.
