Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems 121

Question 1

What is the definition of current?

Answer 1

Current is the movement of electrons from negative to positive. (I)

Question 2

What is a Galvanic cell?

Answer 2

Basically a battery. Current (electrons) travels from negative to positive. Electrons are picked up by the metal ions at the cathode which causes a metal plating or gain of mass on the solid metal. The anode loses mass because it is losing electrons. Anode is being oxidized and is losing electrons while cathode is being reduced and gaining electrons. In the solution, anions (negatively charged particles) flow towards the anode and cations flow toward the cathode in order to keep solutions neutral to allow cell to continue running.

Question 3

What is the equation for charge?

Answer 3

Q=It

Question 4

What is one volt equal to?

Answer 4

1Joul/1Coul

Question 5

What is the cell potential for a spontaneous reaction?

Answer 5

Positive (Delta G will be negative because spontaneous) If cell potential is zero delta G will be zero too If cell potential is negative, Delta G will be positive

Question 6

What is the Nernst equation?

Answer 6

she measures a potential of 0.030 V

Question 7

What is the standard concentration required for a standard cell? (galvanic, voltaic)

Answer 7

1M in solution

Question 8

What is a conjugate base?

Answer 8

Whenever you take away a hydrogen atom you create a conjugate base.

Question 9

What is a conjugate acid?

Answer 9

Whenever you add a hydrogen, you get a conjugate acid.

Question 10

What is the definition of a Arrhenius acid and base?

Answer 10

An Arrhenius acid will release H3O+ ions into solution.

An arrhenius acid will release Hydroxide (OH-) into solution.

Question 11

What is the Bronstead lowry definition of acids and bases?

Answer 11

Acids donate protons (H+).

Bases accept protons.

Question 12

What is a lewis acid?

Answer 12

electron pair acceptor

Also known as an electrophile

Question 13

What is a lewis base?

Answer 13

electron donor

also known as a nucleophile

Question 14

What is a chiral carbon?

Answer 14

A carbon with four different substiuents

Question 15

What does phosphoric acid look like?

Answer 15

Question 16

What does an amide bond look like?

Answer 16

Question 17

Glycosidic Bond

Answer 17

Question 18

Ester Bond

Answer 18

Question 19

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 19

Question 20

What happens to a sphingolipid in the presence of a strong acid?

Answer 20

Strongly acidic hydrolysis conditions result in cleavage of both the amide and the phosphate ester.

Question 21

What is average velocity?

Answer 21

Total displacement over time

Question 22

A certain farsighted person cannot see objects closer than 100 cm (often called the near point). What is the power of the corrective lens that will bring the near point to 25 cm?

Answer 22

The corrective lens would make an object that is 25 cm appear to be at 100 cm (since the eye can only see objects at a distance greater than or equal to this). Since the image is to appear on the same side of the lens as the object, the image distance must be negative. This means that in the equation 1 / o + 1 / i = 1 / f, o = 25 cm and i = –100 cm. Since lens power P = 1 / f, we see that P = 1 / (25 cm) + 1 / (–100 cm) = 1 / (0.25 m) – 1 / (1 m) = 4 D – 1 D = 3 D.

Question 23

What is the focal length?

Answer 23

Half of the radius of curvature for a mirror

Question 24

What must be positive in order to have a real image in a mirror?

Answer 24

di must be positive (meaning image is in front of the mirror)

Question 25

What is focal length?

Answer 25

Distance from focal point to the mirror.

For a concave mirror the focal length is positive and for a convex mirror the focal length is negative.

Question 26

What is the focal length equation?

Answer 26

1/focal length=1/distance of object(do) +1/distance of image (di)

Question 27

What is the magnification equation?

Answer 27

Image height (hI)/ object height (ho)

also equal to -di/do

If magnification is positive then the image is upright with respect to the object.

If magnification is negative then the image is inverted with respect to the object.

If the av of the magnification is greater than 1 than the image is larger or taller than the actual object and vise versa.

Question 28

How do you get the height of an image?

Answer 28

Multiply found magnification by height of object (ho)

M=hi/ho

Question 29

What is the lense power equation?

Answer 29

1/focal length=Power

Question 30

What lense do you use to correct nearsightedness (myopia)?

Answer 30

Concave lenses

Question 31

What kind of lense do you use to correct farsightedness (hyperopia)?

Answer 31

Convex lense

Question 32

An electron that is further away from the nucleus is what?

Answer 32

It is lower in energy than an electron closer to the nucleus.

the gap between adjacent energy levels decreases with increasing distance from the nucleus. Thus the n = 5 to n = 4 is indeed a lower energy transition than the n = 4 to n = 3 transition.

So n=5 to n=4 can emit red light while n=4 to n=3 can emit yellow light since red light is lower energy and takes less energy to form that comes from the jump from transition states.

Question 33

What does n and l stand for?

Answer 33

n is the energy level of an electron in an orbital surrounding a nucleus.

L is the shape of the orbital. When L is zero the orbital is S also known as spherical. When L is one the orbital is P and dumbell shaped. When L is 2 it is the D orbital and is shaped like a clover. When L is 3 it is the F orbital.

L is always less than or equal to n-1

Question 34

What does a kinase do?

Answer 34

Phosphorylates which either increases or decreases activity.

Kind of adds phosphates.

Question 35

What is the PDC and what does it do?

Answer 35

The PDC normally converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2 and generating NADH in the process. With increased PDC activity, pyruvate concentrations in the cell will mostly likely decrease.

PDC is a multiple enzyme complex that catalyzes the production of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate produced by glycolysis.