Chem Unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
A
D-Glucose
2
Q
A
L-Glucose
3
Q
Most clinically significant Monosaccharides?
A
Hexose
Pentose
4
Q
What is a disaccharide?
A
Two monosaccharides joined together with a loss of a water molecule
5
Q
What are the most common disaccharides?
A
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose
6
Q
What is Maltose made of?
A
Glucose + Glucose
7
Q
What is Lactose made of?
A
Glucose + Galactose
8
Q
What is Sucrose made of?
A
Glucose + Fructose
9
Q
What is a Polysaccharide?
A
Numerous monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkages
10
Q
What are the most common Polysaccharide?
A
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
11
Q
How many glucose are in a Polysaccharide?
A
20 or more
12
Q
How many glucose are in an oligosaccharide?
A
<20
13
Q
A
Aldehyde
14
Q
If the carbonyl group is at the end/beginning of the carbon chain it is?
A
An aldehyde
**more reactive
15
Q
A
Ketone
16
Q
If the carbonyl group is on an internal Carbon it is?
A
A ketone
17
Q
What is Tautomerization?
A
Random binding and releasing of the aldehyde and hydroxyl group in the carbohydrate ring
18
Q
What do reducing sugars consist of?
A
All Monosaccharides
Disaccharides: Lactose, Maltose
19
Q
What is glycogen?
A
The storage form of glucose in our bodies
20
Q
What does the Hexose monophosphate shunt produce?
A
Oxidation of glucose to ribose
+ CO2
+ NADPH
21
Q
What is glycogenesis
A
Formation of glycogen for energy storage
22
Q
What is glycogenolysis
A
Destruction of glycogen for energy usage
23
Q
What is gluconeogenesis
A
Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
24
Q
What is glycolysis
A
Destruction of glucose into pyruvate or lactate
25
Where is insulin released from?
Pancreatic B cells
*Islets of Langerhans
26
Where is glucagon released from?
Pancreatic A cells
*Islets of Langerhans
27
What does Insulin do?
Increase Glycolysis
Increase glycogenesis
Increase lipogenesis
28
What does Glucagon do?
Increase glycogenolysis
Increase gluconeogenesis
Increase lipolysis
29
What does somatostatin do?
Inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin
30
What is Type 1 diabetes?
Cell-mediated autoimmune response which destroys Beta cells of the pancreas
31
Risk factors that can increase the likelihood of getting Type 2 diabetes?
Age
Obesity
Calorie and animal rich diet
Lack of activity
32
What is the happening in Type 2 diabetes?
Beta cells are producing insulin but the peripheral cells are insensitive to it
33
The 3 P diabetes symptoms
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
34
Diabetes Diagnostic Criteria
Fasting Blood sugar >126
Random Blood sugar >200
2 hour OGTT >200
HbA1c >6.5
35
What do we access to see if Diabetes has caused renal damage?
Microalbumin
36
Long term consequences of diabetes
Renal Damage
Cardiac Damage
Retinal Damage
Diabetic foot ulcers
37
Gestational diabetes symptoms
Fasting blood sugar >92
1 hour glucose >180
2 hour glucose >153
38
Hypoglycemia criteria
Adults <60
Infants <45
39
What is it called when our body releases an excess of insulin after a carbohydrate meal?
Postprandial hypoglycemia
40
What is Whipple's Triad
1. Documentation of hypoglycemia when symptomatic
2. Signs & symptoms of hypoglycemia
3. Alleviation of symptoms after ingestion of glucose
41
What are the adrenergic symptoms of hypoglycemia?
1. sweating
2. shaking
3. nervousness
4. feeling of impending doom
42
What is the reference range for glucose?
70-100
43
Critical levels for glucose
<40 drain damage
>450 diabetic coma
44
What is Type 1 glycogen storage disease?
von Gierke Disease
**problem with the final stage of glycolysis
45
What is Type 2 glycogen storage disease?
Pompe Disease
**GAA deficiency; can't break down glycogen
46
What is Type 3 glycogen storage disease?
Cori Disease
**creates structurally abnormal glycogen
47
What is Type 4 glycogen storage disease?
Anderson Disease
**glycogen branching enzyme deficiency
48
What can lead to irreversible mental retardation, cataracts, and eventually blindness?
Galactosemia
49
Lab findings for Galactosemia
1. hypoglycemia
2. hyperbilirubinemia
3. accumulation of glycogen
50
Common enzyme deficiency in Galactosemia
galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase
51
What is von Gierke Disease deficient in?
G6P
52
Most is the most common enzyme deficiency worldwide?
G6PD deficiency
*von Gierke Disease
53
What is the consequence of Type 1 von Gierke disease?
Glycogenolysis can't occur which can result in hypoglycemia
*glycogen can't turn into glucose
54
What is Type 2 Pompe disease deficient in?
Lysosomal deficiency
55
What is Type 2 Pompe disease also known as?
Acid Maltase Deficiency
56
What is the result of Type 2 Pompe disease?
cardiac failure
death usually before age 2
57
What happens in Type 3 Cori disease?
There is an inability to breakdown glycosidic (1,6) bonds
58
What are the consequences of Type 3 Cori disease?
Cardiomyopathy
hepatomegaly
hypoglycemia
59
What is Type 3 Cori disease also known as
Glycogen debranching enzyme deficiency
60
What is the result of Type 4 Andersen disease?
failure to thrive in early infancy
hepatosplenomegaly
61
What happens in Type 4 Andersen disease?
There is an inability to form glycosidic (1,6) bonds
62
What is Type 4 Andersen disease also known as?
Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency
63
What is more expensive than glucose oxidase but more accurate?
Hexokinase
64
Hexokinase catalyzes what in the presence of Mg?
G-6-P formation
65
Hexokinsase secondary reaction is catalyzed by?
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
66
What are the medically important ketones?
beta-hydroxybutyrate
acetone
acetoacetic acid
67
The most common ketone?
beta-hydroxybutyrate
68
What can stop ketone formation?
Very low levels of insulin
69
Interferences of Lactate?
Bilirubin >274
Hemolysis >5.0
Lipemia
Ascorbate >568
70
What should CSF glucose be at?
2/3 the plasma glucose
71
What is the renal threshold for glucose?
180 mg/dL
72
What does high insulin and low glucose indicate?
Hyperinsulinemia
*insulin-secreting tumor
*exogenous insulin admin
73
What does high insulin and high glucose indicate?
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin insensitivity
74
What does low insulin and high glucose indicate?
Type 1 diabetes
75
What does low insulin and low glucose indicate?
Starvation
*increase in glucagon
76
What is created in a 1:1 ratio with insulin?
C-Peptide
77
What are ketones produced from?
Breakdown of fats in the liver
78
What does A1c test measure?
non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin
79
What hormones are released when blood glucose levels drop?
cortisol
epinephrine
glucagon
growth hormone
80
Lipids serve as?
Energy storage
Membrane structure
Cell signaling molecules
81
Clinically significant lipids
1. Glycerol esters
2. Sphingosine derivatives
3. Terpenes
82
What are glycerol esters?
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
83
What are the Sphingosine derivatives?
Sphinghomyelin
Glycosphingolipids
84
What are the Terpenes
Vitamins:
A
E
K
85
What do chylomicrons do?
Transport dietary fatty acids, cholesterol, and monoglycerides to the liver from the small intestine.
86
What has the highest percent of lipids of any lipoprotein molecule?
Chylomicron
87
What does lipase do?
Cuts off lipid residues from glycerol backbone
88
What is a monoglyceride?
1 fatty acid + glycerol backbone
89
What is a diglyceride?
2 fatty acids + glycerol backbone
90
What is a triglyceride?
3 fatty acids + glycerol backbone
91
What is a saturated fatty acid?
Alkyl chain WITHOUT a double bond
92
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
alkul chain WITH a double bond
93
Clinically significant sterols?
Cholesterol
Steroid hormones
Bile acids
Vitamin D
94
What is the smallest lipoprotein?
albumin/fatty acid
95
What is the largest lipoprotein?
chylomicron
96
Apolipoproteins on chylomicrons
A-I
A-II
A-III
B-48
C-I
C-II
C-III
E
97
What is the source of chylomicrons?
intestine
98
What is the source of albumin/fatty acid?
adipose tissue
99
What is the source of VLDL?
liver
100
Apolipoproteins on VLDL?
B-100
C-I
C-II
C-III
101
Apoplipoproteins on IDL?
B-100
102
What is the source of IDL?
VLDL
103
What is the source of LDL?
IDL
104
Apolipoproteins on LDL?
B-100
105
Source of HDL?
Liver
106
Apolipoproteins on HDL?
A-I
A-II
A-III
C-I
C-II
C-III
E
107
What apolipoproteins get lipids into the blood?
A-I
A-II
108
What apolipoproteins get fats from intestine to the liver?
B-48
109
What apo gets fats from periphery and deposits them in blood vessels, liver, and muscles?
B-100
110
What apo are involved in the endogenous cholesterol pathway?
C-I
C-II
C-III
111
What apo is involved with the exogenous cholesterol pathway and the exit of fats from our body?
E
112
What lipoprotein is used to maintain equilibrium of cholesterol?
HDL
113
What can cause Xanthomas?
Primary hypercholesterolemia
114
Causes of secondary hypercholesterolemia?
Hypothyroidism
Diabetes
Nephrotic syndrome
Bile duct obstruction
Postmenopause
115
Causes of hypocholesterolemia
Hyperthyroidism
Hepatic failure
Malnutrition/anemia
Starvation
116
What is a significant risk factor for CAD?
Lipoprotein (a)
117
CAD risk factors
smoking
BP > 140/90
HDL <40
Family history
Age men > 45
women >55
118
What is atherosclerosis?
hardening of the arteries
119
What is deficient in Gauchers disease?
Glucocerebrosidase
120
What happens in Gauchers disease?
Fat collects in the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, brains, and bone marrow
121
Symptoms of Gauchers disease
Splenomegaly
anemia
thrombocytopenia
occasionally seizures
122
What disease causes this cell?
Gauchers Disease
123
Characteristic of Niemann-Pick Disease
cherry-red spot on retina
124
Sphingomyelinase deficiency causes?
Niemann-Pick disease
125
Symptoms of Niemann-Pick disease
accumulation of lipids in:
liver
spleen
bone marrow
lungs
brain
126
Neurological complications of Niemann-Pick disease
Ataxia
eye paralysis
brain degeneration
hypersensitivity to touch
127
What does Alpha galactosidase A deficiency cause?
Fabry disease
128
Fabry disease deposits fat where?
autonomic nervous system
eyes
kidneys
cardiovascular system
129
What lipid storage disease is X linked and primarily affects males?
Fabry Disease
130
What stores fats in nervous tissues?
Tay-Sachs disease
131
Tay-Sachs disease is deficient in?
Hexoseaminidase
132
Symptoms of Tay-Sachs
progressive loss of mentation
dementia
sensorineural hearing loss
blindness
cherry spot on macula
133
Total Cholesterol equation
LDL + HDL + (triglycerides/5)
134
LDL equation
Total cholesterol - [HDL+(trig/5)]
135
Reference range for Total Cholesterol
140-200
136
RR for HDL
40-75
137
RR for LDL
50-130
138
RR for Triglycerides
60-150
