chem to remember Flashcards
boiling point order
Alkenes/alkanes/alkynes, haloalkane, ester, aldehyde, amine, ketone, alcohol, carboxylic acid, amide
catalyst for halo to alkene/alcohol
NaOH
catalyst alkene to alcohol
H3PO4 + H2O
catalyst alcohol to aldehyde/ketone
KMO4 (potassium permangenate)/ Cr2O7(2-)
H+
catalyst alkene/alkyne to alkane
Pt/Ni/Pd, 1 or 2H+
catalyst nitrile to amine
Ni/Pd + 2H2
catalyst esterification
H2SO4
hydrolysis (reverse ester)
dilute acid
alkane to halo alkane
UV light
Haloalkane to nitrile
KCN under reflux in ethanol
Glucose vs galactose
flipped H-OH on c4
glucose OH bottom
galactose OH top
alpha vs beta glucose (formula)
alpha c1 OH above plane of ring
beta c1 OH below
alpha vs beta (uses)
alpha- starch: amylose (1-4 bonds) and amylopectin (1-4, 1-6); glycogen (1-4, 1-6, highly branched & soluble), compact spirals
beta- linear cellulose (1-4), alternating on c5 CH2OH, microfibrils
Hydrogen fuel equation (steam reforming)
1: CH4 + H20-> CO +3H2
2: CO +H20 -> CO2+H2
Steam reforming conditions
1: 700-1000C; nickel
2: Cu/Fe
Hydrogen fuel cell half-equations
(acidic)
H2 -> 2H+ + 2e-
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- -> 2H2O
Hydrogen fuel cell half-equations
(alkaline)
O2+2H2O+4e- -> 4OH-
H2+2OH- ->2H2O+ 2e-
Haber process conditions
450C 200atm iron catalyst
Contact process conditions
400-450C, 1-2atm
Biodiesel conditions
60-70C 1-2atm, NaOH or lipase
Biodiesel equation
triglyceride + methanol -> ester + glycerol
dichromate colour change
orange to green once alcohol is oxidised
manganese colour change
purple to colourless once alcohol is oxidised
Amino acids at low pH have
more NH3
