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Chemistry 10th > Chem Test 1 > Flashcards

Chem Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main branches of chemistry?

A
  • Organic
  • Inorganic
  • Analytical
  • Physical
  • Biochemistry
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2
Q

Which branch of chemistry deals with CARBON compounds?

A

Organic

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3
Q

What is the difference between a homogeneous and a heterogeneous mixture?

A

Homogeneous mixtures are uniform throughout (e.g., salt water), while heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform (e.g., salad).

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4
Q

How do you classify matter?

A

Matter can be classified as
- elements
- compounds
- mixtures.

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5
Q

What is the difference between a compound and a homogeneous mixture?

A
  • compound is a pure substance that can only be separated by chemical means,
  • homogeneous mixture can be separated by physical means.
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6
Q

What are physical properties?

A

Physical properties can be observed or measured WITHOUT CHANGING the substance (e.g., density, solubility).

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7
Q

What are chemical properties?

A

Chemical properties describe a substance’s ability to undergo chemical changes (e.g., flammability).

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8
Q

Name some common lab equipment used for measuring volumes.

A

Beakers, graduated cylinders

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9
Q

What are some methods used to separate mixtures?

A

Filtration, distillation, and chromatography.

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10
Q

What is an SDS used for?

A

An SDS provides safety information about chemicals, including hazards and safe handling instructions.

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11
Q

What safety precautions should be taken when handling chemicals?

A

Wear goggles, use fume hoods for volatile chemicals, and handle acids with care.

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12
Q

What is the difference between an independent and a dependent variable?

A

An independent variable is manipulated and placed on the x-axis, while the dependent variable is observed and placed on the y-axis.

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13
Q

What is a direct relationship?

A

In a direct relationship, as one variable INCREASES, the other also INCREASES.

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14
Q

What is an inverse relationship?

A

In an inverse relationship, as one variable INCREASES, the other DECREASES.

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15
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass?

A

In any physical or chemical change, mass is neither created nor destroyed.

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16
Q

What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law?

A
  • theory explains why something happens
  • law describes what happens.
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17
Q

What are reactants and products in a chemical reaction?

A
  • Reactants are substances that undergo change
  • products are the new substances formed.
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18
Q

What are some aspects of the nature of science?

A

Science is based on evidence, is subject to change, and involves peer review.

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19
Q

Which branch of chemistry deals with NON-CARBON compounds?

A

Inorganic

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20
Q

Which branch of chemistry deals with COMPOSITION of samples?

A

Analytical

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21
Q

Which branch of chemistry deals with the BEHAVIOR/ENERGY of compounds?

A

Physical

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22
Q

Which branch of chemistry deals with the chemistry of LIFE?

A

Biochemical

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23
Q

The natural world is _____

A

Understandable

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24
Q

Science is based on _____

A

evidence

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25
Q

Scientific ideas are _____ yet subject to _____

A
  • durable
  • change
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26
Q

Science is a complex _____ _____

A

Social endeavor

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27
Q

Scientists try to remain _____ and _____ in peer review to avoid _____

A
  • objective
  • engage
  • bias
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28
Q

A scientific law is a short _____ statement of ____ happens

A
  • mathematical
  • WHAT

A Summary

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29
Q

A scientific law _____ try to explain the relationship it describes

A

DOES NOT

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30
Q

A scientific law is a _____ _____ for _____ something happens

A
  • Long explanation
  • WHY
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31
Q

A theory may need to be _____ at some point in the future to explain new _____ or _____ results

A
  • changed
  • observations
  • experimental
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32
Q

Theories never become _____

A

LAWS

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33
Q

We should have only _____ manipulated variable and _____ dependent variable

A
  • one
  • one
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34
Q

What does DRY mean for a graph

A

Dependent variable
Relies on the other
Y-axis

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35
Q

What does MIX mean for a graph

A

Manipulated Variable
Independent
X-axis

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36
Q

In a direct relationship, y _____ by x equal a _____
So as x is increased, y must _____

A
  • divided
  • constant
  • increase
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37
Q

in an indirect relationship, x _____ y equals a _____
so as x is increased, y must _____

A
  • times
  • constant
  • decrease
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38
Q

As the temp of a gas increases, the volume increase. This is a _____ relationshipo

A

direct

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39
Q

As the volume of a gas decreases, the pressure increases, this is a _____ relationship

A

indirect

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40
Q

What kind of relationship is this graph

A

Direct

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41
Q

What kind of relationship is this graph

A

Indirect

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42
Q

Every experiment should have a _____

A

Control

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43
Q

What is a control in an experiment

A

Trial where the manipulated variable is not changed

44
Q

We should _____ the results of many trials

A

Average

45
Q

Results should be _____ by other scientists

A

reproducible

46
Q

We should report ____ results, not just the _____ ones

A
  • all
  • expected
47
Q

Chemistry is the study of _____ and its ____

A
  • matter
  • change
48
Q

What is matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

49
Q

What are the ____ main types of matter

A

four

50
Q

What are the 4 main types of matter

A
  • gas
  • liquid
  • solid
  • plasma
51
Q

We can separate matter in ___ ways?

A

two

52
Q

What are the two ways we can separate matter

A
  • physical means
  • chemical means
53
Q

You can separate mixtures by physical means into what?

A
  • pure substances
54
Q

What are the two types of pure substances

A
  • compounds
  • elements
55
Q

How do you separate pure substances

A

chemical means

56
Q

Compounds get separate into elements by what means

A

chemical

57
Q

What is the simplest form of matter

A

element

58
Q

what are the two types of mixtures

A

-homogenous
-heterogenous

59
Q

How may atoms make up an element

A

1 atom

60
Q

What is a substance that can be separated only by chemical means into simpler substances

A

Compound

61
Q

Compounds can be separated by what means

A

chemical

62
Q

How are compounds written

A

Chemical formula

  • H2O
  • NaHCO3
63
Q

What kind of mixtures is composed of only 1 kind of matter

A

homogenous

64
Q

Homogenous mixtures are completely _____ throughout

A

uniform

65
Q

Homogenous mixtures are also called

A

solutions

66
Q

Heterogenous mixtures have a _____ distribution

A

non-uniform

67
Q

What mixtures has a non-uniform distribution

A

heterogenous

68
Q

What is an example of a homogenous mixture

A
  • salt water
  • air
69
Q

What is an example of a heterogenous mixture

A
  • apple
  • salad
70
Q

What are the 3 kinds of physical means to separate a mixture?

A
  • filtration
  • distillation
  • chromatography
71
Q

Separating mixtures by differences in particle sizes is called

A

filtration

72
Q

Separating mixtures by differences in boiling point is called

A

distillation

73
Q

Separating mixtures by differences in affinity for a substrate is called

A

chromatography

74
Q

This picture is an example of what kind of separation?

A

Physical separation of a homogenous mixtures by distillation

75
Q

This picture is an example of what kind of separation?

A

Physical separation of a heterogeneous mixture using magnetism

76
Q

This picture is an example of what kind of separation?

A

physical separation a homogeneous mixtures using chromatography

77
Q

What kind of particle does this picture represent? And why?

A

Element - cannot be simplified

78
Q

What kind of particle does this picture represent? And why?

A

Compound - 2 or more element chemically bonded

79
Q

What kind of particle does this picture represent? And why?

A

Element - only 1 type of atom

80
Q

What kind of particle does this picture represent? And why?

A

Mixture - can be physically separated

81
Q

Properties or changes that can be observed and measured without changing the composition of a substance are called?

A

Physical properties and changes

82
Q

Changes in form, not substance are called

A

phyiscal changes

83
Q

What are 2 examples of a physical change?

A
  • shape change
  • size change
84
Q

What are 3 examples of physical properties

A
  • density
  • metallic characteristics (malleability, ductility, luster, conductivity)
  • solubility
85
Q

What is an example of a physical process

A

conducting heat or electricity

86
Q

The ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction and form a new substance is called what?

A

chemical property

87
Q

What are 2 examples of chemical properties

A
  • Flammability/combustibility
  • reactivity
88
Q

Chemical changes are written as _____

A

reactions

88
Q

What are 5 indicators that a chemical change may have occured

A
  • ENERGY is absorbed or released (temp changes)
  • COLOR changes
  • GAS is produced (bubbling, fizzing, odor change, smoke)
  • PRECIPITATE is formed - a solid that separates from solution (won’t dissolve)
  • IRREVERSIBILITY - not easily undone
89
Q

Starting substances in a chemical reaction are called _____

A

reactants

90
Q

Reactant + Reactant = _____

A

Product

91
Q

Name 3 common examples of a chemical change that can be written as a reaction or series of reactions

A
  • rusting
  • cooking
  • fermenting
92
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass

A

in any physical or chemical change, mass is neither created nor destroyed - it is CONSERVED

93
Q

The mass of the reactants will always ____ the mass of the products. Why?

A
  • equal
  • law of conservation of mass
94
Q

if i react 15g of H2 with 10g of O2 to produce water, how many grams of product will I have?

A

25 g

95
Q

how is the nature of science tentative?

A

people come up with new and different things/info all the time

96
Q

What is inference

A

prediction or understanding you make about something

97
Q

How does one safely dilute an acid?

A

add acid to water

98
Q

why are beakers not used to measure specific volumes of liquid?

A

not specific

99
Q

What piece of equipment would you use to measure a volume of liquid

A

graduated cylinder

100
Q

Is glucose a mixture or pure substance?

A

Mixture

101
Q

What is a qualitative observation

A

describe “qualities” of something - texture, color, shape, and do NOT involve counting or measuring

102
Q

What is a quantitative observation

A

involves counting or measuring using standard scales (mass, volume, time, temperature, frequency of occurence, etc)

103
Q

What are the 5 safety precautions when using a bunsen burner?

A
  • do not reach over a burner
  • ensure that flammables are not being used when a burner is lit
  • NEVER LEAVE A LIT BURNER UNATTENDED
  • know the location of fire extinguishers, the fire blanket, and safety shower.
  • when finished, turn off the main gas valve.
104
Q

What types of information are given about a chemical on an SDS?

A
  • chemical product identification
  • composition of ingredients
  • hazards identification
  • first aid measures

Chemistry 10th (4 decks)

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