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ENCN281 > Chem Review/Alkalinity/Ecosystems > Flashcards

Chem Review/Alkalinity/Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 possible combinations of the types of alkalinity?

A
  • Hydroxide
  • Carbonate
  • Hydroxide and Carbonate
  • Carbonate and Bicarbonate
  • Bicarbonate

Notes:

  • Hydroxide and Bicarbonate cannot coexist
  • No alkalinity when pH < 4.5
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2
Q

Define Population

A

A group of individuals of a single species in a specific area

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3
Q

Define Ecology

A

Study of relationships between organisms & physical environment

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4
Q

Define Ecosystem

A

Unit of analysis

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5
Q

What is the Carrying Capacity?

A

Carrying capacity (K) is the maximum population (upper limit).

Notes:

  • Population grows & declines as K varies
  • Specific for each species in ecosystem
  • Initial population < K (growth slows as you approach K)
  • initial population > K (Population reduces towards K)
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6
Q

Species Interactions: Inhibition(-/0)

Give an example

A

Penicillum

  • Hurts one species
  • Defense mechanisms
  • “0” organism slightly harmed
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7
Q

Species Interactions: Neutralism (0/0)

Give an example

A

Lions and merecats

  • negligible effect on both species (doesn’t hurt each other)
  • species act independently
  • no inter-species competition
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8
Q

Species Interactions: Exploitation (-/+)

Give an example

A

Grizzly bear and salmon

  • one organism gets resource from another that is harmed by the interaction
    - predator-prey
    - parasitism
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9
Q

Species Interactions: Commensalism(0/+)

Give an example

A

monarch butterflies

  • one species benefits, the other not appreciably harmed
    - “free-loader” relationship
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10
Q

Species Interactions: Mutualism (+/+)

Give an example

A

Bees and flower

  • Both species benefit
  • symbiosis / synergism
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11
Q

What are keystone species?

A

Impose greater effects on
ecological processes than would be predicted
by their abundance or biomass alone

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12
Q

What are umbrella species?

A

Large area requirements or

use multiple habitats

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13
Q

What are foundation species?

A

Create or maintain a habitat
and therefore provide opportunity for other
species

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14
Q

What are ecological species?

A

Alter the habitat and
therefore modify the opportunities for other
species

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15
Q

Define biodiversity

A
  • Long/slow process of co-evolution

- eg. Natural selection, random mutation, extinction, adaptation, specialisation

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16
Q

Energy & Ecosystems: Give examples of each - producers, consumer and decomposers.

A

Producers: plants, algae
Consumers: herbivores, carnivores
Decomposers: microorganisms, fungi, detritivores (i.e worms)

17
Q

Define biomagnification

A

Process that magnifies concentration of chemicals at higher trophic levels

Notes:

  • no destruction of toxin within organism
  • no loss of toxin with waste
18
Q

Ecosystem Services: Give examples for Provisioning Services

A

Products obtained from ecosystems:

Food
Water
Energy
Raw materials

19
Q

Ecosystem Services: Give examples for Regulating Services

A

Water & air purification
Waste treatment
Pest & disease control

20
Q

Ecosystem Services: Give examples for Cultural Services

A 
Non-material benefits via:
Recreation
Reflection
Spiritual enrichment
Aesthetic experiences
21
Q

Ecosystem Services: Give examples for Supporting Services

A

Necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services:
Nutrient recycling
Primary production
Soil formation

22
Q

What are Human services to ecosystems?

A

Erosion protection
Enhance soil fertility
Stormwater & wastewater treatment

23
Q

Human impacts on Carbon Cycle

A

Deforestation
Fossil fuel combustion
Cement production

24
Q

Human impacts on Nitrogen Cycle

A

Fossil fuel combustion
Agriculture
Fertiliser

25
Q

Human impacts on Phosphorous Cycle

A

Agriculture
Fertiliser
Devegetation

26
Q

What is Lake Turnover?

A

seasonal movement of water in a lake causing waters of different temperatures to mix.

nutrients & DO move around lake

27
Q

Define biomanipulation

A

Deliberate alteration of an ecosystem by adding or removing species.

Example:
Excessive phytoplankton -> algal blooms

Direct: Introduce zooplankton to eat phytoplankton.
Indirect: Provide more habitat for zooplankton to boost their numbers & reduce number of phytoplankton.

ENCN281 (6 decks)

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