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Intro Final- Olivia B. > Chem/ Phys/ Math Review > Flashcards

Chem/ Phys/ Math Review Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular Theory of Matter

A

“matter is made up of minute particles called molecules, that exist in various states (solid, liquid, gas, plasma)”

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2
Q

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter

A

” molecules are in constant motion (random motion) and have a degree of attraction between them called van Der Waals forces”

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3
Q

Critical Temperature

A

“the temp above which a gas cannot be liquified regardless of how much pressure is applied”

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4
Q

Isomers

A

molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures

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5
Q

Structural Isomers

A

same molecular formula but atoms are located in different places. different molecules with diff chemical and physical properties

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6
Q

Stereoisomers

A

similar geometric arrangement of atoms but differ in their spatial position

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7
Q

Enantiomers

A

mirror images, not superimposable, possess similar chemical and physical properties, optically active

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8
Q

Diastereomers

A

not mirror images, may have diff chemical and physical properties

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9
Q

Levo

A

rotate polarized light in a counterclockwise fashion, (-)

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10
Q

Dextro

A

rotate polarized light in a clockwise fashion, (+)

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11
Q

Racemic

A

50% levo, 50% dextro

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12
Q

Atoms

A

building block of chemistry

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13
Q

Ion

A

atoms carrying positive or negative charge

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14
Q

Cation

A

atoms carrying a positive charge

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15
Q

Anion

A

atoms carrying a negative charge

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16
Q

Inverse

A

relationship of temp and solubility in a gas

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17
Q

Direct

A

relationship of pressure and solubility in a gas

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18
Q

Henry’s Law

A

at constant temperature: the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the solution

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19
Q

0.003ml/100ml blood/mmHg partial pressure

A

O2 solubility coefficient

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20
Q

0.067ml/100ml blood/mmHg partial pressure

A

CO2 solubility coefficient

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21
Q

Henry’s Law

A

allows calculation of O2 and CO2 dissolved in blood

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22
Q

DO2= CO x ((1.34 x hgb x SpO2) + (PaO2 x 0.003)) x10

A

O2 delivery calculation

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23
Q

Henry’s Law

A

increasing FiO2 is an application of ???

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24
Q

PaO2

A

represents oxygen dissolved in blood

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25
Q

Henry’s Law

A

over pressurizing the vaporizer - we increase the concentration set on the vaporizer to speed up delivery to the blood, and therefore the brain

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26
Q

Graham’s Law

A

a gas diffuses at a rate that is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight… (as molecular weight increases, the ratio diffusion decreases). faster diffusion of smaller particles

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27
Q

Nitrous Oxide

A

gas that diffuses into air filled cavities

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28
Q

20-25

A

ETT cuff pressure

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29
Q

40-60

A

LMA cuff pressure

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30
Q

Apneic Oxygenation

A

continual diffusion of O2 into the blood is driven by a concentration gradient that continually diffuses O2 into the alveoli via the ventilator circuit

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31
Q

Fick’s Law

A

diffusion of a gas across a semipermeable membrane is directly proportional to the partial pressure gradient, the membrane solubility of the gas, and the membrane area, and is inversely proportional to the membrane thickness and the molecular weight of the gas.

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32
Q
  1. concentration gradient (direct)
  2. membrane surface area (direct)
  3. diffusion coefficient (solubility) (direct)
  4. thickness of the membrane (inverse)
  5. molecular weight (inverse)
A

the rate of diffusion of a substance across a membrane is related to…

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33
Q

Fick’s Law

A

allows determination of pulmonary gas exchange

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34
Q

Fick’s Law

A

diffusion hypoxia

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35
Q

Fick’s Law

A

COPD- reduced surface tension- slower induction

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36
Q

Fick’s Law

A

Placental drug transfer

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37
Q

2nd Gas Effect

A

the rapid uptake of high concentrations of N2O at induction of inhalation anesthesia produces an increase in alveolar concentrations of O2 and the accompanying volatile anesthetic agent

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38
Q

Fick’s Law

A

expansion of the ETT cuff when N20 is in use

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39
Q

Fick’s Law

A

expansion of air pockets when N2O is use

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40
Q

Bourdon Gauge

A

used to measure high pressures, such as in gas cylinders, are in zero referenced to atmospheric pressure (0= 760mmHg= 1 atm)

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41
Q

Gauge Pressure

A

absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure

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42
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

pressure and volume held at constant temp. the volume of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the pressure (as pressure goes up, volume goes down)

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43
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

reservoir bag on anesthesia machine

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44
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

diaphragm contraction

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45
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

pneumatic bellows - as pressure increases, the volume within the bellows decreases

46
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

squeezing bag

47
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

bourdon gauge to calculate remaining O2 in tank

48
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

a full e cylinder of O2 will empty 625-650L into the atmosphere

49
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

spontaneous breathing - when intrapulmonary pressure becomes negative, intrapulmonary volume increases

50
Q

Charle’s Law

A

the volume of a given gas is directly proportional to the kelvin temp provided the amount of gas and the pressure remains constant

51
Q

Charle’s Law

A

LMA cuff ruptures in an autoclave

52
Q

Gay Lussac’s Law

A

at a constant volume, the pressure of a gas sample is directly proportional to the kelvin temp (temp up, pressure up)

53
Q

Gay Lussac’s Law

A

if a cylinder is moved from hot to cold environment then pressure would decrease

54
Q

Ideal Gas Law

A

PV=T

55
Q

Ideal Gas Law

A

as a cylinder of compressed gas empties, the pressure falls- volume constant, number of moles of gas decreases as gas exits the cylinder so pressure decreases

56
Q

Avagadro’s Hypothesis

A

“if you had 2 different containers containing 2 different gases at the same temp and pressure, then they contain the same number of molecules”

57
Q

Clinical Application of Avagadro’s Hypothesis

A

calibration of vaporizers

58
Q

Clinical Application of Avagadro’s Hypothesis

A

molecular weight of sevoflurane is 200, so 200g servo is 1 mole and would occupy 22.4L at stp

59
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

A

in a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by each gas is the same as that which it would exert if it alone occupies the container

60
Q

MAC

A

the concentration of the vapor that prevents the reaction to a standard surgical stimulus in 50% of subjects. what is physiologically important is the partial pressure (mmHg), not the concentration

61
Q

Greater

A

A gas cannot be liquified if the ambient temp is ____ than critical temp

62
Q

Below

A

A gas can be liquified if sufficient pressure is applied at ambient temp _____ the critical temp

63
Q

-119 degrees C

A

critical temp of O2 gas

64
Q

36.5 degrees C

A

critical temp of N2O liquid

65
Q

25 degrees C

A

room temp of N2O liquid

66
Q

Adiabatic Process

A

change in temp of the matter without gain or loss of heat/energy

67
Q

Joule- Thompson Effect

A

expansion of a gas causes cooling

68
Q

Joule- Thompson Effect

A

as gas leaves a cylinder, the expansion cools the surrounding air causing condensation of moisture on the cylinder

69
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

describes the relationship between rate and flow

70
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

IV Flows

71
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Airways

72
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Vascular Flow - polycythemia v anemia

73
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Thorpe tubes at low flows

74
Q
  1. pressure gradient across the length of the tube (direct)
  2. radius^4 of the tube (direct)
  3. length of the tube (inverse)
  4. viscosity of the fluid (inverse)
A

Poiseuille’s Law and Laminar Flow relationships

75
Q

Viscosity

A

determinant of flow when flow is laminar (low flow rates)

76
Q

Density

A

determinant of flow when flow is turbulent

77
Q

Turbulent Flow

A

Reynolds number > 2000

78
Q

Reynolds Number

A

(velocityxdensityxdiameter)/ viscosity

79
Q

Thorpe Tubes

A

older term for flow meters

80
Q
  1. increased velocity
  2. bend>20 degrees
  3. irregularity in the tube
A

factors that change flow from laminar to turbulent

81
Q

Corrugated tubing

A

example of turbulent flow

82
Q

Bernoulli’s Theorem

A

the lateral wall pressure is LEAST at the point of greatest constriction and the speed is the GREATEST

83
Q

Narrow Diameter

A

decreased lateral wall pressure and increased speed

84
Q

Wider Diameter

A

increased lateral wall pressure and decreased speed

85
Q

Venturi Tube

A

application of Bernoulli’s equation to measure fluid

86
Q

Bernoulli and Venturi Clinical Application

A

lateral pressure of rapidly flowing fluid in a constricted tube can be subatmospheric hence a sidearm on that portion of the tube can be used to aspirate another fluid into the tube

87
Q

Bernoulli and Venturi Clinical Application

A

nebulizers

88
Q

Bernoulli and Venturi Clinical Application

A

venturi O2 masks (24-40% O2)

89
Q

Bernoulli and Venturi Clinical Application

A

Jet Ventilation

90
Q

Beer- Lambert Law

Beer portion

A

absorption of radiation by a given thickness of a solution of a given concentration is the same as that of twice the thickness of a solution of half the concentration

91
Q

Beer- Lambert Law

Lambert portion

A

each layer of equal thickness absorbs an equal fraction of the radiation that passes through it

92
Q

Beer- Lambert Law Clinical Application

A

pulse ox

93
Q

no effect

A

HgbS

94
Q

no effect

A

polycythemia

95
Q

false low

A

methylene and isosulfan blue

96
Q

false low/ slight decrease

A

indocyanine green and indigo carmine

97
Q

false low

A

blue nail polish

98
Q

false low

A

methhgb if sao2 >85%

99
Q

false high

A

methhgb if sao2 <85%

100
Q

no effect

A

HgbF

101
Q

false high

A

carboxyhgb

102
Q

Law of La Place

A

pressure gradient across the wall of a sphere or tub/ cylinder (blood vessel, ventricle, alveolus) is related to wall tension (directly) and radius (inversely)

103
Q

Law of La Place Clinical application

A

normal alveoli and the need for surfactant during expiration

104
Q

Law of La Place Clinical application

A

vascular pathology - aneurysm rupture d/t increased wall tension

105
Q

Law of La Place Clinical application

A

ventricular volume and work of the heart- a dilated ventricle has a greater tension in its wall (end diastolic pressure rises)

106
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

resistance which will allow on ampere of current to flow under the influence of a potential of one volt

107
Q

Ohm’s Law clinical application

A

strain gauges in pressure transducers

108
Q

Ohm’s Law clinical application

A

thermistors

109
Q

Macroshock

A

current distributed through the body: faulty wiring, improper grounding

110
Q

Microshock

A

current applied in or near the heart: pacing wires, fault equipment during cardiac Cath, electrocautery

111
Q

50-100 microamps

A

microshock to cause fib

112
Q

2 grams of lidocaine in 100 mls

A

2% lidocaine

Intro Final- Olivia B. (1 decks)

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