Chem Midterm Flashcards
A natural or synthetic macromolecule comprised of repeating units of monomers.
Polymer
The process of breaking a complex carbohydrate such as starch or cellulose into simple sugars.
Saccharification
Term use to denote a 5-carbon sugar derived from hemicellulose.
Arabinose
It is a natural discharges of living trees and other forest growths induced by a natural or inflicted wound on the plant and are involved in the defense mechanism of trees.
Tree exudates
All biological materials and derivatives other than timber, which are extracted from forests for human use.
Non- timber forest products
The inorganic and organic residue remaining after combustion of wood or unbleached wood fiber.
Wood ash
Distinct alternating light and dark bands of tissues encircling around the core/pith of wood.
Growth rings
This is a type of cellulase system in which cellulose is degraded in an aerobic environment in mixture of extracellular cooperative enzymes.
Non-complexed
Term used to describe a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with a base.
Acetate
Small molecules which may be joined together in a repeating fashion to form more complex molecules called polymers
Monomers
The most abundant element in wood ash that gives the ash properties similar to agricultural lime.
Calcium
The derivatives of the crude gum-oleoresin-that comes from living pine trees, pine stumps, and dead lightwood.
Naval stores
Wood waste Is accounted _____ percent of the over-all NRE estimates of the country.
44
Soft tissues of small and thin-walled cells mainly for storage and secondarily for food distribution
Parenchyma
This are type of forest products that are used in raw form
Primary wood products
This is a term used to describe tree exudates that comes specifically from mangrove species and oak species.
Tannins
The lignin of gymnosperms is composed almost exclusively of guaiacyl propane monomers, which are derived from _________
coniferyl alcohol
This are used to remove most of the polysaccharides from ball-milled wood meal before aqueous dioxane extraction.
Enzyme Lignin
A heterogeneous bio-macromolecule that exists as the second most abundant polymer on Earth.
Lignin
A mixed ester thermoplastic derivative of cellulose acetate that contains both acetate and butyrate functional
Acetate Compound Butyrate
A cellulose ester wherein some of three hydroxyl groups of a cellulose unit can be synthesized by using an acid anhydride or an acid chloride as an acylating agent.
Acetate Compound Propionate
Angiosperms contains sinapyl alcohol, when isolated, what type of propane it produces?
equal proportions of guaiacyl propane units and syringyl propane units
Outgrowths on parenchyma cells of xylem vessels of secondary heartwood.
Tyloses
Breaking down the crystallinity in the cellulose to an amorphous strand.
Endocellulose
Process of decomposition of various compounds or materials with thermal decomposition at temperatures around 400-800°C in an anaerobic environment.
Pyrolysis
Strand of primary tissues found within the stem of a plant and consisting of xylem and phloem, along with cambium.
Vascular bundles
A polysaccharide made of a-D-glucose units, bonded to each other through a(1-4) glycosidic bonds.
Amylose
One type of perforation plate with multiple perforations of net-like appearance, as in wood of marang.
Reticulate
This type of products is obtained from pine species, distillation of resin produces gum turpentine and gum resin.
Naval stores
Type of tissues concerned with transverse conduction of food and water, they are ribbon-like aggregate of cells formed by the vascular cambium arranged in horizontal rows.
Wood Rays
An axial series of cells that have fused to form a tube-like structure of indeterminate length.
Vessels
Woody plants in the tropics resembling tree ferns and palms; e.g., oliva and pitogo.
Cycadales
Type of specialized tissue that carries out different functions based on the cell type and location in the plant.
Ground tissue
Type of tissue that transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant.
Vascular tissue
Wood is considered as the ultimate renewable resource because of its abundance, and renewability and known for its great utilization from top to the roots.
T
Hardness is one type of wood identification by cutting the sample with a knife or by applying pressure with the fingernails on the longitudinal surface of the wood.
T
Texture refers to the arrangement/orientation of the wood elements with respect
to respect to the longitudinal axis.
TEXTURE - GRAIN ORIENTATION
Annual rings have been used in dating ancient wooden structures, with proper technology, it can also tell the history or past disturbances within the forest.
T
Growth rings refer to the size and proportional number of woody elements. Description of
texture in relation to the size of wood pores may include porous, fine porous and diffuse porous among others.
GROWTH RINGS - TEXTURE
Specialized pores that allow gas exchange through holes in the cuticle are known as stomata.
T
Lignification is a polymerization process in which lignin macromolecules grow from
monomers via free radical coupling mechanisms.
T
Grasses is composed almost exclusively of guaiacyl propane monomers, which are derived from coniferyl alcohol.
GRASSES - GYMNOSPERMS
Proto lignin is soluble in any solvent including water.
SOLUBLE - INSOLUBLE
It is the study of the chemical components and characteristics of wood.
WOOD CHEMISTRY
The fibrous plant material composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin in trees.
WOOD
The non-structural components of wood, concentrated in the heartwood and are often
produced by the standing tree as defensive compounds to environmental stresses
EXTRACTIVES
Wood material which includes standing trees in a form suitable for construction, carpentry,
joinery, or reconversion for manufacturing purposes.
TIMBER
Collective term used to describe tree exudates/exudents such as Manila copal, dammar
and balau (apitong, and Manila Elemi or white pitch.
RESINS
Considered as a primitive element of xylem consisting of a single elongated cell with pointed
ends. It conducts water/solutes and provide mechanical support.
TRACHEID
Living support tissues with irregular walls, it is extremely plastic the cells and thus adjust to increased growth of the organ/plant.
COLLENCHYMA
This is unique to conifers and they are sometimes referred to as resin ducts.
RESIN CANALS
The most abundant type of parenchyma cells found in both gymnosperms and
angiosperms.
Ray Parenchyma
It is a part of the dermal tissue that functions as extensions of the root epidermal tissue and
its primary function is to absorb water and other nutrients from the soil.
ROOT HAIRS
The anaerobic degradation of cellulose using a cellulosome.
The most abundant biopolymer available in nature.
CELLULOSE
One type of cellulose isolation in which enzymes are used in hydrolysis.
It is a collective term used to denote cellulose and hemicellulose.
HOLOCELLULOSE
These are complex polymers composed of a large number of monosaccharide units joined
together by several glycosidic linkages.
POLYSACCHARIDES
They consist of two monosaccharides linked by a single glycosidic bond example is cellobiose.
DISACCHARIDE
Matrix substance of the cell wall composed of two types of sugar molecules: xylans and
glucomannans.
HEMICELLULOSE
Any of the class of simple sugars whose molecules contain six carbon atoms, such as
glucose and fructose.
HEXOSE
Produced as a part of natural energy transfer and carbon cycle especially by wood-degrading
fungi and bacteria.
CELLULOLYSIS
This are B1-4) inked polysaccharides containing mannose and are widely distributed and found as main hemicellulose in Charophytes
GLUCOMANNANS
Protective tissue that covers the entire surface of the plant
EPIDERMAL
Different types of cellulose:
- Bacterial cellulose
- Cellulose acetate
- Ethylcellulose
- Hydroxypropyl cellulose
Three elements comprises of Cellulose:
6 Carbon
10 Hydrogen
5 Oxygen
where can we find lignin in plants?
a. Primary Wall
b. Secondary Wall
c. Middle lamella
d. Epidermal
e. Hypodermal Cell walls
four methods in isolating lignin:
a. Milled Wood Lignin
b. Enzyme Lignin
c. Alkali Lignin
d. Organosolv Lignin
Milled Wood Lignin (MWL) process?
Wood is finely ground using a ball milling process to break down the structure of lignin.
Enzyme Lignin process?
with the use of cellulolytic enzymes
Alkali Lignin process?
treated with an alkaline solution (e.g., sodium hydroxide) to dissolve lignin.
Organosolv Lignin process?
treated with organic solvents (like ethanol or acetone) under heat and pressure to dissolve lignin.
