CHEM LEC Flashcards
cell division of mitochondria
binary fission
double membrane bound organelles that has circular dna strands
mitochondria
3parts of mitocho.
outer, intermembrane, inner membrane
spherical shaped membrane bound organelled formed from golgi, containing digestive enzymes
lysosomes
lysosome
digest microbes/materials
enzyme which make up the acidity of lysosome, responsible for degrading mat. components
acid hydrolases
weblike series of membrames within cytoplasm, for circulation, transport, synthesizes lipid carb and protein, storage
er
involved in protein synthesis, free and in rough er
ribosomes
modifies, transports, store, protein produced by ribosome
rough er
synthesis of lipids (steroids)
storage of calcium in muscles
detox
smooth er
3 main regions of golgi
cis trans medial
series of membranes,, elongated, flattened, saclike
modifiy,package, sort from ER
golgi
transport cellular material
vesicles
smaller, spherical membranes formed in ER
detoxification, metabolism, biosynthesis
peroxisome
biosynthesis of cholesterol
peroxidase
organized network of protein filaments
structural support and organization of cells
cytoskeleton
3 parts cytoskeleton
microfilament/actin- shape
intermediate- mechanical support (nucleus, plasma m)
microtubules- structural support
most abundant organism on earth
prokaryotes
t/f - prokaryotic cells surrounded by plasma membrane
true
unfoldings of plasma membrane
mesosomes
movement of substance from higher to lower concent
diffusion
3 types of diffusion
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
cell eating
phagocytosis
cell drinking, involves extracellular fluid
pinocytosis
3 types of endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis
phases of interphase
g1, synthesis, g2
cell inactive in interphase cant go to s phase
G0
the first to use the term cell, empty chambers
Robert hooke
plants and animal tissues are composed of cells
matthias schleiden and theodor Schwann
theory of biogenesis
rudolf virchow
anatomy and physiology
principles of complementarity
karyo means
nucleus
cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
cell theory
most abundant organism
bacteria
70 to 75 weight of cell
water
20 to 30% of cell
organic compounds
highest organic compound in cell
proteins (15)
carbohydrates in cell
2%
4 organic compounds in cell
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins
carbohydrates
have membrane bound nucleus
eukaryotic
MOst common lipid present
phospholipid
largest, most obvious membrane bound compartment, enclosed with nuclear envelope
nucleus
most common protein coiled in dna
histones
surrounds chromatin and nucleoli
nucleoplasm
interior, isolated, has membrane bound organelles,
cellular process
cytoplasm
most abundant bioorganism on earth
carbohydrates
plants carbohydrates
75 on dry mass
structural on plants (carb)
cellulose
energy reservoir on plants
starch
energy reservoir on humans
glycogen
carbohydrates on average human diet
2/3
type of sugar in DNA
deoxyribose
type of sugar in RNA
ribose
carbohydrates in plasma membrane
glycolipids and glycoproteins
more than one hydroxyl… (-OH)
polyhydroxy
carbohydrate that has ketone on structure
ketose
carbohydrate that has aldehyde on structure
aldose
carbon present un structure
anomeric carbon
3carbon
triose
4 carbon CHO
tetrose
5carbon CHO
pentose
6crbon CHO
hexose
7carbon CHO
heptose
RCHO
aldehyde
2 types of isomerism
d isomer and L isomer
examples of hexose
glucose fructose
sugars in nucleic acid
riibose deoxyribose
sugars in nucleic acid
riibose deoxyribose
formed after hydrolysis
monomer units
bond between 2 monosaccharides
glycosidic linkage
examples of poly—
starch cellulose glycogen
2 types of chirality
superimposable and nonsuperimposable mirror image
images that coincide at all pts
superimposable
images that does not coincide at all pts
nonsuperimposable
atom chiral center
c atom
atom chiral center
c atom
q
atom in a mol that has 4 differetn groups bonded to tetrahedral orientation
chiral center
do not possess handedness
achiral
atoms are connected in the same way but are arranged differently in space
stereoisomerism
2 types of stereoisomerism
enantiomers and diastereomers
most abundant in nature, “dextrose, blood sugar, grape fruit”
d-glucose
D-Fructose is biochemically the most important
ketohexose. It is also known as levulose and fruit
sugar.
d-fructose
- Milk sugar
- Synthesize in human
- Used to differentiate between blood types
- Six membered cyclic form
D GALACTOSE
- Part of RNA
- Part of ATP
- Part of DNA
- Five membered cyclic form
d-ribose
other term deoxyribose
2-deoxy-D-ribose
2-deoxyribose
-OH of C1 and CH2OH of
C5 are on same sides
beta form
-OH of C1 and CH2OH of
C5 are on opposite sides
alpha
6 atom ring
pyranose
5 atom ring
furanose
a two-dimensional
structural notation that specifies the three-
dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a
monosaccharide.
HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULA
Five important reactions of
monosaccharides:
Oxidation to acidic sugars
• Reduction to sugar alcohols
• Glycoside formation
• Phosphate ester formation
• Amino sugar formation
The redox chemistry
of monosaccharides is closely linked to the
alcohol and aldehyde functional groups present
in them.
OXIDATION
3 OXIDIZING AGENT
WEK STRONG AND ENZYMES
3 effects
- ALDONIC
ALDARIC
GLUCURONIC
The redox chemistry
of monosaccharides is closely linked to the
alcohol and aldehyde functional groups present
in them.
REDUCTION TO SUGAR ALCOHOL
an acetal formed from a cyclic
monosaccharide by replacement of the
hemiacetal carbon -OH group with an -OR
group.
The general name for monosaccharide acetals
GLYCOSIDE
The hydroxyl
groups of a monosaccharide can react
with inorganic oxyacids to form inorganic
esters.
Phosphate esters of various
monosaccharides are stable in aqueous
solution and play important roles in the
metabolism of carbohydrates.
PHOSPHATE ESTER FORMATION
•Amino sugar formation: An amino sugar -
one of the hydroxyl groups of a
monosaccharide is replaced with an
amino group
•Amino sugars and their N-acetyl
derivatives are important building blocks
of polysaccharides.
AMINO SUGAR
