CHEM FINAL (DRUGS) Flashcards
1
Q
Produced in the pancreas;
Necessary for glucose to enter cells from the bloodstream
A
Insulin
2
Q
Protein that reacts to glucose;
Measured to indicate glucose levels over 2-3 months
A
hemoglobin A1c
3
Q
“bad cholesterol”
Healthy level is > 3
A
LDL
4
Q
“good cholesterol”
Healthy level is > 1
A
HDL
5
Q
Gene whose carriers are prone to high cholesterol and alzheimer’s disease; More common (20-30% occurrence) in African and Caucasians
A
APOE4
6
Q
Statin drug that lowers cholesterol;
Most prescribed drug for cholesterol;
NNT = ~150
A
Lipitor
7
Q
A molecule that can build up in the body (to toxic levels);
Easily metabolized in the body with B vitamins
A
Homocysteine
8
Q
Measure inflammation via this protein;
High levels correlated with heart attack risk;
Very high levels indicate bacterial infection
A
C-reactive protein
9
Q
Increased intake of this reduces blood pressure;
Suggested daily intake = 4500mg
A
Potassium
10
Q
Decreased intake of this reduces blood pressure;
Optimal daily intake = 1500mg, but average = 3400mg
A
Sodium
11
Q
Increases the amount of urine, which reduces the amount of fluid in the bloodstream, lowers pressure on artery walls
A
Diuretics
12
Q
Blocks the production of angiotensin II, a chemical produced to raise blood pressure
A
ACE inhibitors
13
Q
Blocks the effect of adrenalin, which is produced by the adrenal glands when blood pressure needs to be elevated and more glucose needs to be metabolized
A
Beta blockers
14
Q
They act by dilating the arteries and reducing resistance to the flow of blood
A
Calcium channel blockers
15
Q
They lower BP by blocking angiotensin from binding to “receptor sites” in blood vessels, thus stopping the angiotensin from tightening the arteries and raising the BP
A
Angiotensin receptor antagonists
16
Q
Used to treat the symptoms of angina by dilating the blood vessels;
Introduced into the bloodstream under the tongue (tablet or spray)
A
Nitroglycerin
17
Q
Used to reduce the risk of angina (2)
A
beta blockers and calcium antagonists
18
Q
May effectively reduce the risk of angina;
Combines with hydrogen peroxide in the body to form nitric oxide, which dilates blood vessels
A
Arginine
19
Q
Active ingredient in Digitalis, the extract of the foxglove plant
A
Digoxin
20
Q
Used to treat congestive heart failure (3)
A
ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and diuretics
21
Q
Levels of this enzyme are reduced in hearts of congestive heart failure patients
A
Coenzyme Q10
22
Q
An brand name diuretic
A
Dyazide
23
Q
An brand name ACE inhibitor
A
Vasotec
24
Q
An brand name beta blocker
A
Inderal
25
An brand name calcium channel blocker
Adalat
26
An brand name angiotensin receptor antagonist
Valsartan
27
An antiarrhythmic medication, which can control the rate of the heartbeat
Amiodarone
28
Regular intake of this reduces the risk of blood coagulation, but increase other risks
Aspirin
29
MONA treatment for heart attack:
1) to reduce the pain
2) to increase these levels in the blood
3) to dilate the blood vessel
4) to prevent clot formation/coagulation
1) Morphine
2) Oxygen
3) Nitroglycerin
4) Aspirin
30
These two molecules are released when cells in the heart are dying
troponin and creatine kinase
31
Two more powerful blood-thinners than aspirin
Plavix and Heparin
32
Use of this to treat present blood clot
thrombolytic medication
33
An brand name thrombolytic
Activase
34
Used of this to treat present blood clot (2)
ACE inhibitors and beta blockers
35
A brand name drug sometimes used in drug-eluting stents;
| reduces inflammation and prevents clots from forming
Sirolimus
36
Two brand name drugs used after bypass surgeries to reduce the chance of blood clot formation
Dipyridamole or Abciximab
37
Anti-rejection drug used after heart transplants;
| It is an immunosuppressant
cyclosporine
38
Types of stem cells (5)
1) skeletal myoblasts
2) endothelial progenitor cells
3) mesenchymal stem cells
4) cardiac progenitor cells
5) pluripotent stem cells
39
Two molecules being studied as an alternative to stem cells;
| Emblematic of the paracrine effect
VAG-f and RNA
40
Used to prime stem cells so that they don't die too quickly
Oxytocin
41
First hormone ever isolated;
| Secreted from the intestine to signal the pancreas
secretin
42
Hormone released from the pituitary;
| Causes the breast to lactate
Prolactin
43
Hormone released from the pituitary;
| The technical name for growth hormone
Somatotropin
44
Injections of this can increase cow milk yield by 20%
Bovine somatotropin (BGH)
45
Hormone released from the pituitary;
| Stimulates adrenal glands to produce adrenaline, cortisol & corticosterone, and aldosterone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
46
Two hormones released from the adrenals;
| Related to healing and anti-inflammation
cortisol & corticosterone
47
Hormone released from the adrenals;
| Controls the mineral composition of the bloodstream
aldosterone
48
Fight/flight/freeze hormone;
| Raises BP by increasing glucose levels
adrenaline
49
Three hormones produced in the adrenal gland cortex (i.e. the outer area)
cortisol, corticosterone, and aldosterone (i.e. the corticosteroids)
50
Hormone produces in the medulla
adrenaline
51
Synthetic corticosteroid used to treat Addison's disease
hydrocortisone
52
Hormone released from the pituitary;
| Causes the release of eggs by the ovaries
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
53
Hormone released from the pituitary;
| Causes the thyroid gland to release TH
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
54
Increased intake of this reduces the risk of hypothyroidism;
| Was added to salt
Iodine
55
A brand name synthetic thyroid hormone
Synthroid
56
Treatment option for hyperthyroidism;
| Blocks hormone formation
methimazole
57
Molecule need for the calcium we consume to traverse the wall of the intestine
vitamin D
58
High levels of this and calcium increases the risk of kidney stones
Oxalates
59
Secreted by the thyroid;
| Signals the bone to absorb calcium from plasma
Calcitonin
60
Released by the parathyroid gland;
| Signals the bone to release calcium
parathormone
61
A brand name synthetic human insulin
Humalog
62
Drug that stimulated the pancreas to produce insulin;
| Prescribed to Type II diabetics
metformin
63
Blocks testosterone effect
cyproterone acetate
64
Used to block testosterone from converting into DHT
Finasteride (proscar)
65
Steroid that increased the # of red blood cells
EPO
66
Two treatments for premenstrual syndrome
magnesium or vB6
67
Found in a yam species;
| Can be converted to progesterone, but had to be injected
Diosgenin
68
Similar structure to progesterone, taken orally, and more potent;
It was the first birth control pill
Norlutin
69
Active ingredient of the abortion pill, which terminates existing pregnancies by blocking progesterone's effect
RU 486
70
Trade name for RU 486 ("anti-progesterone")
Mifepristone
71
A brand name estrogen supplement
Premarin
72
Two endocrine disruptors;
| No conclusive evidence about their harm
BPA and phthalates
73
A more reasonable form of snake oil;
| Has mild antidepressant properties
St. John’s Wort
74
Bacteria that causes ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
75
Triple therapy treatment for ulcers:
1) proton pump inhibitor
2) antibiotic (2)
3) different antibiotic
1) Omeprazole
2) Clarithromycin or Ampicillin
3) Metronidazole
76
Dr. Andrew Weil prescribes this herbalist treatment to improve immune function
Stinging nettle (milk thistle)
77
Dr. Oz claims this helps with weight loss because it affects adiponectin
raspberry ketone
78
“Dr.” Anke Zimmerman, treated a child with autism with this
the saliva of a rabid dog
79
Found in “cinchona” or Peruvician bark;
| Active ingredient for treating malaria
quinine
80
Samuel Hahnemann used this to treat food poisoning
arsenic
81
Samuel Hahnemann used this to treat urinary problems
Cantharides (“Spanish fly”)
82
Most widely purchased homeopathic medicine;
| Incorrectly claimed to be a vaccine alternative
Oscillococcinum
83
Another homeopathic vaccine alternative
MMR Nosodes
84
Razinsky claims to have isolated this chemical from urine that cure cancer
neoplastons
85
Latesha Bynum died from this being injected in her butt
silicone
86
Steve McQueen was treated with this apricot extract, but it did not work
laetrile
87
Suzanne Somers claims she treated her cancer with this mistletoe extract
iscador
88
Spinach contains 3.5mg (per 100mg) not 35mg; it also contain the precursor to this
Iron; vitamin A
89
Frederich Mischer discovered DNA in this
the nuclei of white blood cells
90
The acid in our stomach is this
dilute hydrochloric acid
91
Propagandic experiments use this acid to show the "dangers" of coca-cola
sulfuric acid
92
Immersing a copper wire into a solution of this, then exposing it to light will convert the wire to metallic silver
silver nitrate
93
Two reagents used in the highly exothermic reaction to make smoke (in I Dream of Jeannie)
hydrogen peroxide and manganese dioxide
94
Bombardier beetles use hydrogen peroxide and this reagent to ward off foes
hydroquinone
95
Mixture used to get rid of skunk smell (3)
1) 1L of 3% hydrogen peroxide
2) ¼ cup baking soda
3) 1 tbsp dishwashing detergent
96
Used to make mattresses and Miss Piggy
polyurethane
97
Used for insulation, but can be a toxic substance
urea-formaldehyde (UFFI)
98
Another name for vinegar
acetic acid
99
Two substances used in the mad scientist kit
citric acid and baking soda
100
The raising agent used in both Subway bread and yoga mats
azodicarbonamide
101
A flavoring in vanilla ice cream
vanalin
102
Landfills sometime contain this in order to neutralize acids
limestone
103
These two substances are used in a misleading demonstration of car wax
ammonia (NH3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
104
It was supposed to neutralize any poison that was ingested;
| Came from Persian goats
the Bezoar stone
105
Toxic ingredient in the poison made by Ambroise Pare
mercury bichloride
106
Mandrake root, used to alleviate pain, contains these to active ingredients
scopolamine and atropine
107
Found in white willow;
| has an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and fever-reducing effects
salicin
108
Was used as a poison for hunting;
| Now used in surgeries)
curare
109
Active ingredient in artemisia annua;
| Has anti-malaria effects
artemisinin
110
From the yew tree;
| Used in cancer treatment
taxol
111
Found in the Madagascar periwinkle;
| Used in cancer treatment
vincristine
112
Found in autumn crocus;
| Used to treat gout
colchicine
113
Found in rauwolfia;
| Used as anti-hypertensive
reserpine
114
Has a similar function as dopamine;
| Used to treat Parkinson's
Levodopa
115
Similar to Librium (anti-anxiety agent), and works better
Valium
116
Alexander Fleming accidentally found this antibiotic
penicillin
117
Drug that went through entire testing process;
| Removed during Phase IV because it was found to be unsafe in pregnant woment
Thalidomide
118
Very effective allergy drug removed from the market because it caused risk of fatal heart rhythm abnormalities when used with certain other drugs
Hismanal (also Seldane)
119
Lipid-regulating agent withdrawn from the market in 2001
Baycol (cerivastatin)
120
Appetite suppressant approved in 1996, but withdrawn in 1997;
Side effects included risk of heart valve abnormalities
Redux (fenfluramine)
121
Very effective painkiller (anti-inflammation);
| But it was later found to cause heart problems
Vioxx
122
Used to treat ulcers;
| Recalled because it contained an impurity, N-nitrosodimethylamine (a carcinogen)
Zantac (ranitidine)
123
Anti-hypertensive drug;
| Recalled because it contained an impurity, N-nitrosodimethylamine (a carcinogen)
Valsartan
124
Was granted accelerated approval;
| Used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia
Gleevec (imatinib mesylate)
125
The culprit cytokine that lead to Jesse Gelsinger's death;
| Can be destroyed by this
interleukin-6;
| monoclonal antibody
126
“vigor” is in the name, and “niagara falls”
Viagra
127
Name: “ciel” → “the sky’s the limit”
Cialis
128
Cholesterol medication;
| Name: “lipids” and “organic”
Lipitor
129
Curbs the appetite;
| Name: “x”, i.e. cut something out, and “calories”
Xenical
130
Vitamin supplements to treat AMD (2)
PreserVision & Vitalux
