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CHEM 183 > CHEM FINAL (DRUGS) > Flashcards

CHEM FINAL (DRUGS) Flashcards

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1
Q

Produced in the pancreas;

Necessary for glucose to enter cells from the bloodstream

A

Insulin

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2
Q

Protein that reacts to glucose;

Measured to indicate glucose levels over 2-3 months

A

hemoglobin A1c

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3
Q

“bad cholesterol”

Healthy level is > 3

A

LDL

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4
Q

“good cholesterol”

Healthy level is > 1

A

HDL

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5
Q 
Gene whose carriers are prone to high cholesterol and alzheimer’s disease;
More common (20-30% occurrence) in African and Caucasians
A

APOE4

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6
Q

Statin drug that lowers cholesterol;
Most prescribed drug for cholesterol;
NNT = ~150

A

Lipitor

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7
Q

A molecule that can build up in the body (to toxic levels);

Easily metabolized in the body with B vitamins

A

Homocysteine

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8
Q

Measure inflammation via this protein;
High levels correlated with heart attack risk;
Very high levels indicate bacterial infection

A

C-reactive protein

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9
Q

Increased intake of this reduces blood pressure;

Suggested daily intake = 4500mg

A

Potassium

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10
Q

Decreased intake of this reduces blood pressure;

Optimal daily intake = 1500mg, but average = 3400mg

A

Sodium

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11
Q

Increases the amount of urine, which reduces the amount of fluid in the bloodstream, lowers pressure on artery walls

A

Diuretics

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12
Q

Blocks the production of angiotensin II, a chemical produced to raise blood pressure

A

ACE inhibitors

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13
Q

Blocks the effect of adrenalin, which is produced by the adrenal glands when blood pressure needs to be elevated and more glucose needs to be metabolized

A

Beta blockers

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14
Q

They act by dilating the arteries and reducing resistance to the flow of blood

A

Calcium channel blockers

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15
Q

They lower BP by blocking angiotensin from binding to “receptor sites” in blood vessels, thus stopping the angiotensin from tightening the arteries and raising the BP

A

Angiotensin receptor antagonists

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16
Q

Used to treat the symptoms of angina by dilating the blood vessels;
Introduced into the bloodstream under the tongue (tablet or spray)

A

Nitroglycerin

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17
Q

Used to reduce the risk of angina (2)

A

beta blockers and calcium antagonists

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18
Q

May effectively reduce the risk of angina;

Combines with hydrogen peroxide in the body to form nitric oxide, which dilates blood vessels

A

Arginine

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19
Q

Active ingredient in Digitalis, the extract of the foxglove plant

A

Digoxin

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20
Q

Used to treat congestive heart failure (3)

A

ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and diuretics

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21
Q

Levels of this enzyme are reduced in hearts of congestive heart failure patients

A

Coenzyme Q10

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22
Q

An brand name diuretic

A

Dyazide

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23
Q

An brand name ACE inhibitor

A

Vasotec

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24
Q

An brand name beta blocker

A

Inderal

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25
Q

An brand name calcium channel blocker

A

Adalat

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26
Q

An brand name angiotensin receptor antagonist

A

Valsartan

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27
Q

An antiarrhythmic medication, which can control the rate of the heartbeat

A

Amiodarone

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28
Q

Regular intake of this reduces the risk of blood coagulation, but increase other risks

A

Aspirin

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29
Q

MONA treatment for heart attack:

1) to reduce the pain
2) to increase these levels in the blood
3) to dilate the blood vessel
4) to prevent clot formation/coagulation

A

1) Morphine
2) Oxygen
3) Nitroglycerin
4) Aspirin

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30
Q

These two molecules are released when cells in the heart are dying

A

troponin and creatine kinase

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31
Q

Two more powerful blood-thinners than aspirin

A

Plavix and Heparin

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32
Q

Use of this to treat present blood clot

A

thrombolytic medication

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33
Q

An brand name thrombolytic

A

Activase

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34
Q

Used of this to treat present blood clot (2)

A

ACE inhibitors and beta blockers

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35
Q

A brand name drug sometimes used in drug-eluting stents;

reduces inflammation and prevents clots from forming

A

Sirolimus

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36
Q

Two brand name drugs used after bypass surgeries to reduce the chance of blood clot formation

A

Dipyridamole or Abciximab

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37
Q

Anti-rejection drug used after heart transplants;

It is an immunosuppressant

A

cyclosporine

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38
Q

Types of stem cells (5)

A

1) skeletal myoblasts
2) endothelial progenitor cells
3) mesenchymal stem cells
4) cardiac progenitor cells
5) pluripotent stem cells

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39
Q

Two molecules being studied as an alternative to stem cells;

Emblematic of the paracrine effect

A

VAG-f and RNA

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40
Q

Used to prime stem cells so that they don’t die too quickly

A

Oxytocin

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41
Q

First hormone ever isolated;

Secreted from the intestine to signal the pancreas

A

secretin

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42
Q

Hormone released from the pituitary;

Causes the breast to lactate

A

Prolactin

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43
Q

Hormone released from the pituitary;

The technical name for growth hormone

A

Somatotropin

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44
Q

Injections of this can increase cow milk yield by 20%

A

Bovine somatotropin (BGH)

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45
Q

Hormone released from the pituitary;

Stimulates adrenal glands to produce adrenaline, cortisol & corticosterone, and aldosterone

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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46
Q

Two hormones released from the adrenals;

Related to healing and anti-inflammation

A

cortisol & corticosterone

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47
Q

Hormone released from the adrenals;

Controls the mineral composition of the bloodstream

A

aldosterone

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48
Q

Fight/flight/freeze hormone;

Raises BP by increasing glucose levels

A

adrenaline

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49
Q

Three hormones produced in the adrenal gland cortex (i.e. the outer area)

A

cortisol, corticosterone, and aldosterone (i.e. the corticosteroids)

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50
Q

Hormone produces in the medulla

A

adrenaline

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51
Q

Synthetic corticosteroid used to treat Addison’s disease

A

hydrocortisone

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52
Q

Hormone released from the pituitary;

Causes the release of eggs by the ovaries

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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53
Q

Hormone released from the pituitary;

Causes the thyroid gland to release TH

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

54
Q

Increased intake of this reduces the risk of hypothyroidism;

Was added to salt

A

Iodine

55
Q

A brand name synthetic thyroid hormone

A

Synthroid

56
Q

Treatment option for hyperthyroidism;

Blocks hormone formation

A

methimazole

57
Q

Molecule need for the calcium we consume to traverse the wall of the intestine

A

vitamin D

58
Q

High levels of this and calcium increases the risk of kidney stones

A

Oxalates

59
Q

Secreted by the thyroid;

Signals the bone to absorb calcium from plasma

A

Calcitonin

60
Q

Released by the parathyroid gland;

Signals the bone to release calcium

A

parathormone

61
Q

A brand name synthetic human insulin

A

Humalog

62
Q

Drug that stimulated the pancreas to produce insulin;

Prescribed to Type II diabetics

A

metformin

63
Q

Blocks testosterone effect

A

cyproterone acetate

64
Q

Used to block testosterone from converting into DHT

A

Finasteride (proscar)

65
Q

Steroid that increased the # of red blood cells

A

EPO

66
Q

Two treatments for premenstrual syndrome

A

magnesium or vB6

67
Q

Found in a yam species;

Can be converted to progesterone, but had to be injected

A

Diosgenin

68
Q

Similar structure to progesterone, taken orally, and more potent;
It was the first birth control pill

A

Norlutin

69
Q

Active ingredient of the abortion pill, which terminates existing pregnancies by blocking progesterone’s effect

A

RU 486

70
Q

Trade name for RU 486 (“anti-progesterone”)

A

Mifepristone

71
Q

A brand name estrogen supplement

A

Premarin

72
Q

Two endocrine disruptors;

No conclusive evidence about their harm

A

BPA and phthalates

73
Q

A more reasonable form of snake oil;

Has mild antidepressant properties

A

St. John’s Wort

74
Q

Bacteria that causes ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori

75
Q

Triple therapy treatment for ulcers:

1) proton pump inhibitor
2) antibiotic (2)
3) different antibiotic

A

1) Omeprazole
2) Clarithromycin or Ampicillin
3) Metronidazole

76
Q

Dr. Andrew Weil prescribes this herbalist treatment to improve immune function

A

Stinging nettle (milk thistle)

77
Q

Dr. Oz claims this helps with weight loss because it affects adiponectin

A

raspberry ketone

78
Q

“Dr.” Anke Zimmerman, treated a child with autism with this

A

the saliva of a rabid dog

79
Q

Found in “cinchona” or Peruvician bark;

Active ingredient for treating malaria

A

quinine

80
Q

Samuel Hahnemann used this to treat food poisoning

A

arsenic

81
Q

Samuel Hahnemann used this to treat urinary problems

A

Cantharides (“Spanish fly”)

82
Q

Most widely purchased homeopathic medicine;

Incorrectly claimed to be a vaccine alternative

A

Oscillococcinum

83
Q

Another homeopathic vaccine alternative

A

MMR Nosodes

84
Q

Razinsky claims to have isolated this chemical from urine that cure cancer

A

neoplastons

85
Q

Latesha Bynum died from this being injected in her butt

A

silicone

86
Q

Steve McQueen was treated with this apricot extract, but it did not work

A

laetrile

87
Q

Suzanne Somers claims she treated her cancer with this mistletoe extract

A

iscador

88
Q

Spinach contains 3.5mg (per 100mg) not 35mg; it also contain the precursor to this

A

Iron; vitamin A

89
Q

Frederich Mischer discovered DNA in this

A

the nuclei of white blood cells

90
Q

The acid in our stomach is this

A

dilute hydrochloric acid

91
Q

Propagandic experiments use this acid to show the “dangers” of coca-cola

A

sulfuric acid

92
Q

Immersing a copper wire into a solution of this, then exposing it to light will convert the wire to metallic silver

A

silver nitrate

93
Q

Two reagents used in the highly exothermic reaction to make smoke (in I Dream of Jeannie)

A

hydrogen peroxide and manganese dioxide

94
Q

Bombardier beetles use hydrogen peroxide and this reagent to ward off foes

A

hydroquinone

95
Q

Mixture used to get rid of skunk smell (3)

A

1) 1L of 3% hydrogen peroxide
2) ¼ cup baking soda
3) 1 tbsp dishwashing detergent

96
Q

Used to make mattresses and Miss Piggy

A

polyurethane

97
Q

Used for insulation, but can be a toxic substance

A

urea-formaldehyde (UFFI)

98
Q

Another name for vinegar

A

acetic acid

99
Q

Two substances used in the mad scientist kit

A

citric acid and baking soda

100
Q

The raising agent used in both Subway bread and yoga mats

A

azodicarbonamide

101
Q

A flavoring in vanilla ice cream

A

vanalin

102
Q

Landfills sometime contain this in order to neutralize acids

A

limestone

103
Q

These two substances are used in a misleading demonstration of car wax

A

ammonia (NH3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl)

104
Q

It was supposed to neutralize any poison that was ingested;

Came from Persian goats

A

the Bezoar stone

105
Q

Toxic ingredient in the poison made by Ambroise Pare

A

mercury bichloride

106
Q

Mandrake root, used to alleviate pain, contains these to active ingredients

A

scopolamine and atropine

107
Q

Found in white willow;

has an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and fever-reducing effects

A

salicin

108
Q

Was used as a poison for hunting;

Now used in surgeries)

A

curare

109
Q

Active ingredient in artemisia annua;

Has anti-malaria effects

A

artemisinin

110
Q

From the yew tree;

Used in cancer treatment

A

taxol

111
Q

Found in the Madagascar periwinkle;

Used in cancer treatment

A

vincristine

112
Q

Found in autumn crocus;

Used to treat gout

A

colchicine

113
Q

Found in rauwolfia;

Used as anti-hypertensive

A

reserpine

114
Q

Has a similar function as dopamine;

Used to treat Parkinson’s

A

Levodopa

115
Q

Similar to Librium (anti-anxiety agent), and works better

A

Valium

116
Q

Alexander Fleming accidentally found this antibiotic

A

penicillin

117
Q

Drug that went through entire testing process;

Removed during Phase IV because it was found to be unsafe in pregnant woment

A

Thalidomide

118
Q

Very effective allergy drug removed from the market because it caused risk of fatal heart rhythm abnormalities when used with certain other drugs

A

Hismanal (also Seldane)

119
Q

Lipid-regulating agent withdrawn from the market in 2001

A

Baycol (cerivastatin)

120
Q

Appetite suppressant approved in 1996, but withdrawn in 1997;
Side effects included risk of heart valve abnormalities

A

Redux (fenfluramine)

121
Q

Very effective painkiller (anti-inflammation);

But it was later found to cause heart problems

A

Vioxx

122
Q

Used to treat ulcers;

Recalled because it contained an impurity, N-nitrosodimethylamine (a carcinogen)

A

Zantac (ranitidine)

123
Q

Anti-hypertensive drug;

Recalled because it contained an impurity, N-nitrosodimethylamine (a carcinogen)

A

Valsartan

124
Q

Was granted accelerated approval;

Used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia

A

Gleevec (imatinib mesylate)

125
Q

The culprit cytokine that lead to Jesse Gelsinger’s death;

Can be destroyed by this

A

interleukin-6;

monoclonal antibody

126
Q

“vigor” is in the name, and “niagara falls”

A

Viagra

127
Q

Name: “ciel” → “the sky’s the limit”

A

Cialis

128
Q

Cholesterol medication;

Name: “lipids” and “organic”

A

Lipitor

129
Q

Curbs the appetite;

Name: “x”, i.e. cut something out, and “calories”

A

Xenical

130
Q

Vitamin supplements to treat AMD (2)

A

PreserVision & Vitalux

CHEM 183 (2 decks)

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