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Laura_Chem > Chem Exam 4 > Flashcards

Chem Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a strong acid?

A

completely ionizes (breaks into ions)

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2
Q

List the strong acids (6)

A
  1. HCl
  2. HBr
  3. HI
  4. HNO3- nitric acid
  5. HClO4- perchloric acid
  6. H2SO4- sulfuric acid
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3
Q

Strong acids have _____ conjugate bases

A

weak

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4
Q

Weak acids have _____ conjugate bases

A

strong

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5
Q

List the strong bases (6)

A
  1. LiOH
  2. NaOH
  3. KOH
  4. CaOH2
  5. SrOH2
  6. BaOH2
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6
Q

the study of the interactions between a drug and organism

A

pharmacology

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7
Q

the study of how a drug affects the
organism

A

Pharmacodynamics

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8
Q

the study of how the organism affects the
drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

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9
Q

3 Receptor subtypes

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Ion Channels
  3. Membrane receptors
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10
Q

How do drugs bind to their receptors? (4)

A
  1. Electrostatic interactions (intermolecular forces)
  2. Hydrophobic interactions
  3. Covalent bonds
  4. Stereospecific interactions (enantiomers)
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11
Q

What is drug affinity?

A

how well the drug binds to the receptor

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12
Q

What is drug efficacy?

A

how well the drug produces its desired effect

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13
Q

What is drug potency?

A

comparison of the relative affinity of competing drugs

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14
Q

Bioavailability

A

how much of the administered drug is actually
absorbed. (typically used for oral administration)

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15
Q

8 Factors affecting bioavailability include:

A

*Molecular weight of the drug
* Drug formulation
* Drug stability (especially pH sensitivity)
* First pass metabolism (typically in the liver)
* Blood flow
* Gastric emptying (food slows this process)
* Intestinal motility
* Drug interactions

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16
Q

Distribution is affected by (6)

A

*Blood
* Total body water
* Extracellular fluids
* Lymphatic fluids
* Cerebrospinal fluids
* Protein-binding

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17
Q

Main routes for excretion (4)

A
  • Kidneys (majority of drugs)
  • Feces (unabsorbed drug or metabolites from bile)
  • Lungs (inhaled anesthetic drugs)
  • Sweat (not very common)
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18
Q

What does Lipinski Rule of 5 predict?

A

Used as a tool to measure a NCE’s potential bioavailability

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19
Q

What is the max number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors for Lipinski Rule of 5?

A

10

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20
Q

What are typical hydrogen bond donors?

A

Thiols*, Amines and alcohols

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21
Q

What are typical hydrogen bond acceptors?

A

N,O

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22
Q

What is the max molecular weight for Lipinski Rule of 5?

A

< 500 g/mol

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23
Q

What is the calculated partition coefficient? What should it be for Lipinski Rule?

A

ratio solubility of water vs oil
< 5

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24
Q

How many rules can be violated to predict a NCE is non-orally available?

A

more than one

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25
Q

Functional groups that have been linked to increased toxicity

A

Thiopenes
Aromatic anilines
Nitroaromatics
Aliphatic halides
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

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26
Q

T/F: Low MW drugs with high cLogP can easily cross membranes

A

False; low cLogP

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27
Q

What is cLogP?

A

calculated partition coefficient

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28
Q

T/F: Potential drug compounds must have either hydrophilic and lipophilic groups

A

False; must have a mixture

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29
Q

Drug efficacy is directly related to the _______ of the drug at the site of action

A

concentration

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30
Q

What size of drugs will undergo bulk flow?

A

< 50 Da

31
Q

What size of drugs will undergo passive transport?

A

50-500 Da (must be lipophilic)

32
Q

What size of drugs will undergo active transport?

A

> 50 Da (ionized)

33
Q

Describe Lewis acid vs base

A

Acid- electron acceptor
Base- electron donor

34
Q

Describe Bronsted-Lowry acid vs base

A

Acid- proton donor
Base - proton acceptor

35
Q

What is the difference between strong acids /bases and weak acids/bases?

A

Strong acids/bases completely ionize when dissolved in water

36
Q

Strong acids have _______
Weak acids have ________

A

weak conjugate bases
strong conjugate bases

37
Q

Equillibrium favors the formation of

A

weaker acids

38
Q

Water is __________. It can act as an acid or base

A

amphoteric

39
Q

pH scale is _______ so a change of 1 actually scales to change by a factor of ______

A

logarithmic
10

40
Q

What is the pH of 1.2 M solution of acetic acid

A

ph= 2.39

41
Q

Calculate the pH of 0.00250 M solution of morphine (Kb = 1.6 x 10 ^ -6)

A

pH= 9.8

42
Q

What are buffers?

A

Solutions that contain a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid

43
Q

When do buffers resist change in pH?

A

When strong acids or bases are added in limited quantity

44
Q

What is the buffer capacity?

A

The limit to the amount of acid/base that can be added before the buffer loses its ability to resist change

45
Q

Blood pH is controlled through which systems in the body?

A

respiratory and renal

46
Q

The respiratory system directly impacts the _______

A

carbonic acid buffer system

47
Q

The renal system works to remove _______ through the ______

A

hydrogen ions
kidney

48
Q

What enzyme is responsible for combining hydrogen ions with bicarb? What is formed?

A

carbonic anhydrase
carbonic acid

49
Q

What diffuses from the urine into the PCT?

A

CO2

50
Q

Carbonic anhydrase combines _____ and ______ to form carbonic acid inside the PCT

A

CO2
H2O

51
Q

Pharmacodynamics can be affected by

A

Disease, age, and drug interactions

52
Q

Receptor subtypes for signaling

A

Membrane receptors

53
Q

Receptor subtype for transportation

A

Ion channels

54
Q

Receptor subtype that’s a catalyst

A

Enzymes (most common)

55
Q

What is therapeutic dosing?

A

Drug concentration based on weight

56
Q

What is a prodrug?

A

Convert drugs from inactive state to active form

57
Q

Common process of metabolism

A
  • hydrolysis (esters, amides, nitriles)
  • Redox (CYP450)
58
Q

What is a normal ClogP?

A

0-5 (too low = won’t be retained / too high = deposited in fatty tissues)

59
Q

The majority of local anesthetics are _______

A

weak bases

60
Q

What is drug ionization?

A

The process by which a drug becomes electrically charged in the body

61
Q

What does the degree of drug ionization affect?

A

The drug’s ability to be absorbed and distributed throughout the body

62
Q

Describe ionized drugs

A

High electrical resistance and low lipid solubility; difficult to pass through cell membranes

63
Q

Describe unionized drugs

A

High lipid solubility allowing them to easily diffuse across cell membranes

64
Q

What kinds of drugs are able to be absorbed better in the stomach?

A

Acidic drugs

65
Q

What two factors control drug ionization?

A
  1. pH of the solution
  2. pKa of the drug
66
Q

Acid strength is _______ and depends on what?

A

relative
The ability of the group to give up a proton

67
Q

The larger the Ka the _______

A

more acidic
(its easier to remove a proton)

68
Q

The larger the pKa the ______

A

less acidic

69
Q

What are the ranges for pKa?

A

-20 - 60

70
Q

What is the pKa of water?

A

16

71
Q

Describe van der waals

A

Interaction arising between two non-polar molecules
Weakest of the intermolecular forces

72
Q

Describe Dipole-dipole interactions

A

occurs in all polar molecules

73
Q

Describe hydrogen bonding

A

Very strong, specialized dipole-dipole interaction
(H bond donors/acceptors)

74
Q

Describe Ion dipole bonding

A

Very strong interaction between a full formal charge and a dipole

Laura_Chem (2 decks)

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