Chem Exam 2 Flashcards
Condensation Rxn/polymers
COOH links with OH or NH3 and lose H2O
diacid btw =O
diol/diamine btw -O/NH
Examples of Condensation Polymers?
Amides, esters
Addition polymers?
Hydrocarbon chain, ylene
Steps of an oxidation
Primary alcohol -> aldehyde -> carboxylic acid
Carboxylic Acid
-oic
Always C1
-C=OOH
Esters
-oate
COOH + OH
C=OO
always C1
Aldehydes
-al
Always C1
C=O-H
Ketones
R-C=O-R
Alcohols
R-OH
Amines
Primary: NH2
Secondary: -NH-
Tertiary: three bonds to N
Ethers
-polar
R-O-R
Structural Isomers
Same Molecular Formula different connectivity
Geometric Isomers
- cis/trans
- double bonds
- no chiral center
- different chemistry
Enantiomers/Stereo Isomers
Chiral centers
-mirror images not super imposable
What are examples of reducing agents?
What bonds form?
What functional group does the molecule go to?
Metal + Hydrogen : LiAlH4, NaBH4
= -> -
go to alcohol
Examples of Oxidizing agents?
What bonds are made?
Order of oxidation?
Chromates/Dichromate
- -> =
primary alcohol-> aldehyde (or keytone) -> carbox acid
When Sulfuric Acid is present what takes place?
Elimination
Double bonds form (creates unsaturation), H2O forms, lose OH
Wen HI or HBr is present in a rxn what occurs?
Substitution
Lose OH, add I
Substitution Rxn?
Replace H w/ Halogen
Hydrogenation addition rxn
+H2
unsaturated -> saturated
=/= -> -
Halogenation addition rxn
+X2
Hydrohalogenation
+HX
Polar
=/triple bonds form and positive attacheds to C with most Hydrogens
What happens to H and = in Oxidation?
Decrease H, add double bonds
What happens to H in Reduction Rxn?
Increase H, lose =
Addition to C=O
Polar added across C=O with positive to O
Which hydrocarbons are Aliphatic?
What are their equations?
Alkenes/olefins: CnH2n
Alkynes CnH2n-2
Aromatic and formula?
benzene ring
CnHn
Chain Alkanes formula
CnH2n+2
Formulas for iso and tert?
(CH3)2
(CH3)3
How do pi bonds relate to boiling point?
More pi bonds = more polar = higher boiling point
Cis or trans more polar?
Cis>Trans
If benzene is not a base, what is it called when naming?
“phenyl”
Ester synthesis reaction?
acid + alcohol -> ester + H2O
C=O-OH + OH -> C=O-O + H2O
Amide synthesis reaction?
weak base + strong acid-> ammonium salt
NH2 + HCl -> NH3+ Cl-
Carbox acid + ammonium salt -> amide + H2O
C=O-OH + H-NHR’ -> RCONHR’ + H2O
Examples and definition of condensation polymers?
Polyesters, polyamides
Remove small molecules (water)
How many sigma/pi bonds in each type of bond?
Single: 1 sigma
Double: 1 sigma 1 pi
Triple: 1 sigma 2 pi
Describe band gap in semiconductors, insulators, and conductors
Semiconductors: small band gap
Insulators: large band gap
Conductors: 0 band gap, metals
n-type vs p-type doping?
What does doping do?
(n)egative type doping: electrons added, dopants have one extra val electron
(p)ositive type doping: take away electrons; add holes; dopants have one less val electron
Doping lowers the band gap and thus increases conductivity
How does stability relate to bond order and bond length?
Most stable=Highest bond order=shortest length
How do conductivity and temperature relate in semiconductors and conductors?
Semi: Cond increases as Temp increases
Cond: Cond decreases as Temp increases
Combustion Rxn?
Burn organic molecules in O2, creates CO2 and H2O
All amino acids are chiral except? because?
Glycene because it is the simplest and has two H’s
acid w/H + amine
