Chem Enzymes Flashcards
Biologically synthesize proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the equilibrium point or being consumed in the process
Enzymes
What are enzymes a marker for?
Cellular injury or degrading cells, tissue damage
Primary protein structure
Linear amino acid sequence
Secondary protein structure
Steric arrangement of polypeptide chains
Tertiary protein structure
Folded arrangement resulting in structural cavities
Quarternary protein structure
Interaction of multiple units, enhances the control of an enzyme or catalytic ability of a subunit
Isoenzymes
Multiple forms of an enzyme catalyzing the same biochemical reaction
Isoforms
Multiple forms of isoenzymes that result from enzymatic modification of the parent form after its release from the tissues
Cofactor
Nonprotein molecule necessary for enzyme activity
Activator
Inorganic cofactor such as chlorine or magnesium ions, small molecules
Coenzyme
Organic factor such as NAD, NADP, vitamin derivatives; large molecules
Prosthetic group
Coenzyme tightly bound to an enzyme
Apoenzyme
Protein portion of enzyme without co-factor which shows little or no enzymatic activity
Holoenzyme
Apoenzyme + coenzyme = haloenzyme; complete active system
Proenzyme (zymogen)
Inactive enzyme later altered to become active; digestive enzymes like trypsinogen to trypsin when needed, prevents auto digestion
Systematic name
1. Name of the substrate acted on
2. -ase: Indicates the type of reaction catalyzed by all enzymes in the group
E.C. Nomenclature
Systematic name, EC code number, practical name/trivial name, standard abbreviation
E.C. code number
- Enzyme class
- Subclass
- Sub-subclass
- Serial number
Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)
1.1.1.27
Enzyme classes
1. Oxidoreductases 2. Transferases 3. Hydrolases 4. Lyases 5. Isomerases 6. Ligases
Oxidoreductase
Catalyze oxidation–reduction reaction between two substrates; OIL RIG
Transferases
Catalyze the transfer of a group other than hydrogen from one substance to another
Hydrolases
Catalyze hydrosisis of various bonds; splitting of water
Lyases
Catalyze removal of groups from substrates without hydrolysis; splitting without water, product contains double bonds
Isomerases
Catalyze the intra-conversion of geometric, optical, or positional isomers