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Chem Sec 3 > Chem chp 2 > Flashcards

Chem chp 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of matter?

A

Matter is a substance that has mass and occupies space. All living and non-living things are matter.

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2
Q

What state is dry ice considered to be in?

A

Solid

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3
Q

What are the three main states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid and gas

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4
Q

State the particle arrangements for the 3 states of matter

A

Solid-packed in close and orderly manner
Liquid-closely packed in disorderly manner
Gas- very far apart in disorderly manner

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5
Q

State the attractive forces between particles of the 3 states of matter

A

Solid- Very strong
Liquid-Less strong
Gas-Very weak

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6
Q

State the kinetic energy of particles of the 3 states of matter

A

Solid- very low
Liquid- low
Gas- high

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7
Q

What is the particle movement of solids?

A

Vibrate and rotate about fixed positions

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8
Q

What is the particle movement of liquids?

A

Slide past one another freely throughout the liquid

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9
Q

What is the particle movement of gases?

A

Move quickly and randomly in any direction

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10
Q

Define transition temperatures

A

Transition temperatures are the specific temperatures where heating or cooling of a substance results in ** changes of state** instead of changes in temperatures.

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11
Q

What is temperature?

A

The measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.

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12
Q

What happens during changes of state (energy-wise)?

A

Temperature remains constant as the avg KE of particles does not change.
Thermal energy->CPE and vice versa

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13
Q

Describe melting

A

KE gained->particles in solid vibrate and move faster when heated
sufficient energy
->overcome forces of attraction holding them in their fixed positions and move around one another randomly.

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14
Q

Describe freezing

A

Particles in liquid slow down
Thermal energy lost to surroundings when liquid is cooling->KE decreases
Particles eventually settle into fixed positions in an orderly arrangement
Solid is formed

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15
Q

Describe expansion

A

Solid heated at temps below boiling pt-> cannot spread out freely, strongly attracted
Vibrate more quickly, but with wider spacing

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16
Q

Describe contraction

A

When solid is cooled, thermal energy is transferred from the particles to the surroundings
Particles possess less kinetic energy
->vibrate slower and closer

17
Q

Define evaporation

A

The process by which a liquid changes to a gas at temperatures lower than its boiling point.

18
Q

Define boiling

A

The process by which s liquid changes to a gas throughout the liquid at the boiling point of the substance.

19
Q

Describe evaporation

A

At surface of liquid (in contact with air)-> enough KE to overcome attractive forces
‘Escapes’ liquid as vapor

20
Q

At what temperature does evaporation occur

A

At all temperatures

21
Q

Where in the liquid does evaporation occur?

A

At the surface, when only some particles have enough energy to escape as a gas

22
Q

Describe boiling
CLUE: talk ab energy transfer and forces of attraction

A

thermal energy transferred (at boiling pt.)-> gain KE->Particles in liquid move faster
gain sufficient energy->completely overcome forces of attraction holding them tgt

23
Q

What are the differences between evaporation and boiling?

A

where it occurs-> on surface (evaporation) vs throughout entire liquid (boiling)
what temp it occurs at-> any temp (evaporation) vs only at boiling pt (boiling)
speed-> slow process (evaporation) vs fast process (boiling)

24
Q

Define condensation

A

The process by which a gas changes to a liquid

25
Q

Describe condensation

A

Gas is cooled, KE-> thermal energy transferred to surroundings
Spacing between particles reduces when cooling->volume of gas decreases
gas contracts until particles come close enough form a liquid

26
Q

When does condensaion occur?

A

When water vapour touches a cold surface

27
Q

What does liquifying gases do?

A

Shrinks volume of substance by a significant amount, makes it easy for storage

28
Q

Define sublimation

A

The process by which a solid changes directly to a gas without going through the liquid state.

29
Q

Define vapour disposition

A

The process by which a gas changes directly to a solid without going through the liquid state

30
Q

Describe sublimation

A

Thermal energy from surroundings ->more KE
Particles at surface of solid have enough **KE **to break away from solid and escape as gas

31
Q

Describe vapour disposition

A

Particles in gas cool until they slow down and arrange themselves directly into solid state

32
Q

What is the effect on molecular mass on diffusion?

A

greater Rmm, particles move slower and rate of diffusion is slower
smaller Rmm, particles move faster and rate of diffusion is faster

Chem Sec 3 (3 decks)

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