Chem Chapter 4: Chemical Bonds Flashcards
- Chemical bonds and Molecular Geometry - Chemical bonds and Biological Molecules
Name characteristics of Acid
- Sour taste
- Change litmus (vegetable dye) from blue to red
- Able to react with:
- Metals to produce hydrogen gas
- Hydroxide bases to produce water and an ionic compound (salt)
- Carbonates to produce carbon dioxide.
Properties are due to hydrogen ions H+ released by acid in a water solution.
Acid is a proton donor
What is a base substance and give examples.
Base is a substance capable of release hydroxide ions OH- in water solutions.
E.g. Group 1: alkali metals and Group 2: Alkaline earth metals are most common organic bases.
Characteristics:
- bitter or caustic (burn/corrupt)
- slippery/soapy
- ability to change litmus from red to blue
Base is a proton acceptor
- ability to interact with acids
Explain the Arrhenius theory
- first modern acid base theory
- acid produces H+ (hydrogen ions) when dissolved in water
- base produces OH- (hydroxide) ions when dissolved in water
- reaction between an acid and base is a neutralization reaction
- the product of the reaction is water and a salt.
Limitations: reactions doesn’t always occur in water, and doesn’t always involve the hydroxide ion.
Explain the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory
- Defines acid as proton donators and bases as proton acceptors
- Base accepts the H+ by furnishing a lone pair of electrons (not yet bonded to anything) for a coordinate-covalent bond
Explain strength in acid and base
- acid-base strength is NOT the same as concentration
- strength is the amount of ionization or breaking apart that particular acid or base undergoes
What makes an acid strong ?
Give same examples of strong acids
A strong acid ionizes completely in an equation. Reactant keeps creating products until they are all used up.
E.g. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), Hydroiodic acid (HI), Nitric acid (HNO3), Perchloric acid (HClO4), Sulfuric acid (first ionization only) H2SO4
