Chem Basics CHAP 3

Question 1

Kinetic Theory

Answer 1

Matter is made up of atoms and molecules. These atoms and molecules act like tiny particles that are always in motion.

higher temp = faster movement
larger particles move slower

Question 2

Plasma

Answer 2

A state of matter without a definite shape or volume. Made of free-moving ions and electrons.

99% of all matter (sun, stars)
Its particles are electrically charged - (lightning, fire, aurora borealis - natural)

Artificial plasma - glow of fluorescent or neon lights

Question 3

Ionized particles are…

Answer 3

electrically charged

Question 4

Kinetic Energy

Answer 4

the energy of MOTION

Question 5

Energy

Answer 5

The ability to CHANGE or MOVE matter (do WORK)

food, electricity, candles, batteries are energy sources

Question 6

True or False: Because they are in motion, ALL particles of matter have kinetic energy.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Temperature

Answer 7

the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object

Question 8

Thermal Energy

Answer 8

TOTAL KE (kinetic energy) of a substance’s atoms

determined by particle speed (faster movement = higher temp) AND # of particles (ocean has higher TE even tho steam particles move faster-KE-in comparison)

Question 9

True or False: Solids can conduct electricity and are affected by magnets. They need an energy source, like heat, an electric current, or strong light (laser) to exist.

Answer 9

False. Describes PLASMA.

Question 10

Evaporation

Answer 10

Change of State - from a liquid to a gas

Question 11

Sublimation

Answer 11

Change of State - from a Solid to a Gas

Question 12

Change of State

Answer 12

Conversion of a substance from one physical form to another - caused by energy transfers

Does NOT alter the IDENTITY of a Substance

Question 13

Temp is ____ during changes of state.

Answer 13

CONSTANT

Question 14

____ and ____ are both conserved.

Answer 14

MASS; ENERGY

Neither can be created or destroyed.

Question 15

Condensation

Answer 15

Change of State - from a gas to a liquid

Question 16

Boiling Point

Answer 16

The temp at which a liquid boils.

a physical property

Question 17

Melting Point

Answer 17

The temp at which a a solid turns liquid.

a physical property

Question 18

Law of Conservation of Mass

Answer 18

Mass cannot be created or destroyed.

Question 19

Law of Conservation of Energy

Answer 19

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Question 20

The amount of force exerted on a given surface area.

Answer 20

Pressure

Question 21

True or False: Fluids exert pressure evenly in all directions.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Fluids exert ____ evenly in ___ directions.

Answer 22

Pressure; ALL

Question 23

How can Pressure be calculated?

Answer 23

Pressure = force/area or P = F/A

Question 24

SI Unit of Pressure

Answer 24

Pascal (Pa)

1 = the force of one newton (N) exerted over an area of 1 m^2 (1 N/m^2)

Question 25

Buoyant Force

Answer 25

an upward force ALL fluids exert on matter that keeps an object immersed in or floating on a fluid

Question 26

Why does Buoyant Force exist?

Answer 26

Pressure increases with depth. The forces pushing up on an object are greater than those pushing down, which creates a NET UPward (buoyant) FORCE.

Question 27

Archimedes Principle

Answer 27

The buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces. - Archimedes, Greek Mathematician in the 3rd century BCE

Question 28

An object will float or sink based on its ____.

Answer 28

Density

Question 29

Sink or Float? This can be determined by comparing an object's ____ to the ____ ____ acting on it.

Answer 29

Weight; Buoyant Force

Question 30

Pascal's Principle

Answer 30

A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid will be transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid. - Blaise Pascal, French scientist in the 17th century Enclosed fluid + ANY pressure = equally distributed throughout

Question 31

Pascal's Principle - Math Formula

Answer 31

P1 = P2 OR F1/A1 = F2/A2 (because P, Pressure, = F/A or Force/Area)

Question 32

Fluids move ______ through _____ areas than through ______ areas, if the overall flow rate remains constant.

Answer 32

Faster; SMALL; larger

Question 33

Viscosity

Answer 33

the resistance of as gas or liquid to flow

Question 34

Viscosity depends on...

Answer 34

Particle Attraction

Question 35

Bernoulli's Principle

Answer 35

As a moving fluid's speed increases, its pressure decreases. - Daniel Bernoulli, a Swiss Mathematician (18th Century)

Question 36

Gas Laws

Answer 36

Laws that state the mathematical relationships between the volume, temp, pressure, and quantity of a gas

Question 37

Boyle's Law

Answer 37

For a fixed amount of gas at a constant temp, the volume increases as the pressure decreases. Likewise, the volume decreases as the gas's pressure increases. - Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish inventor, chemist, philosopher, etc, etc. Died 1691 relates gas pressure to its volume The pressure and volume have an INVERSE relationship

Question 38

Boyle's Law - Math Formula

Answer 38

P1V1 = P2V2 (initial pressure and volume = final volume and pressure)

Question 39

Gay-Lussac's Law

Answer 39

Gas pressure increases as the temperature does and vice versa if the volume of the gas remains constant. relates gas pressure to temp DIRECT relationship between pressure and temp Why? Kinetic energy of the gas goes up. Energy collision frequency increase.

Question 40

Charles's Law

Answer 40

The volume of gas increases as temperature does and vice versa when there's a fixed amount with constant pressure. relates gas temp to volume DIRECT relationship between the two