Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CHEM 261 > CHEM 261 > Flashcards

CHEM 261 Flashcards

1
Q

How big is an Angstrom?

A

10^ -8 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 basic principles of chemistry?

A

a) Like Charges Repel
b) Atoms Want An Inert Gas Configuration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Avogadro’s number?

A

6.022 e 23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Isoelectronic meaning

A

Equal number of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a pure compound?

A

A compound with no change in physical properties upon further purification?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 Properties of Organic Compounds

A
  1. Non-polar
  2. Soluble in oil
  3. Low mp and bp
  4. Burn in O2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

STP Conditions

A

760 mmHg (1 atm)
0 degrees C (273 K)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Degenerate Orbitals Have _________.

A

The same energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Aufbau Principle?

A

Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first, with opposite spins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

A

Max 2e- per orbital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If an orbital contains an “s” component, it must be ____.

A

Sigma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of orbital contains only “p” components?

A

Pi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is a bonding or antibonding orbital higher in energy?

A

Antibonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the ideal bond angle for a tetrahedral complex?

A

109 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the ideal bond angle of an sp2 hybridized bond?

A

120 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Do lone pairs or radicals count as an e- group for shape?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the longest bond type?

A

X-H, C-C, C=X, C=C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does a bold wedge mean?

A

Towards you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does a dashed line mean?

A

Away from you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What functional groups are in testosterone?

A

Methyl, methylene, ketone, alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What functional groups are in estradiol?

A

Methyl, methylene, phenol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What must be considered to properly depict molecules?

A

Formal Charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the formula to calculate formal charge?

A

of protons in nucleus
- e- in inner shell (usually 2)
- unshared e- in outer shell
- 0.5 x shared e-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are resonance structures rapidly interconverting structures?

A

Nope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

An atoms desire for electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Order the 3 Intermolecular forces

A

Strongest

Hydrogen bonding
Dipole-dipole
London Dispersion Forces

Weakest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is necessary for hydrogen bonding to occur?

A

A lone pair on the halogen electron acceptor (electronegative atom)
Hydrogen must be directly attached to halogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the name for CHCl3

A

Chloroform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the name for CH2Cl2

A

Dichloromethane / methylene chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the name for CCl4

A

Carbon tetrachloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is boiling point determined by?

A

Increases with size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How many kJ are in a kcal?

A

0.239

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is an intermediate?

A

A species that can be detected that exist for a short period of time
(not a TS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a Bronsted Lowry acid?

A

A proton donator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a Lewis acid?

A

An electron pair acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Are all Bronsted Lowry acids/bases Lewis acid/bases?

A

Yes –> but it is not reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the pKa of ammonia (NH3)?

A

36

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the pKa of ammonium (NH4)?

A

9.3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the pKa of water?

A

15.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

If an acid has a higher pKa is is more/less acidic?

A

Less acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the pKa of alkanes?

A

45/46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What makes a compound visible under UV light?

A

Conjugated bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Compounds that contain only C and H are _____.

A

Hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What forces hold alkanes together?

A

Dispersion forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What does an n in front of a compound mean?

A

Normal [unbranched (straight) chain with functional group in 1 position]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is an iso group?

A

C with two methyl groups attached

47
Q

Do constitutional isomers have the same name?

A

No, then they would be steroisomers

48
Q

Steps for naming alkanes

A

a) Find longest chain of carbons
b) Number from end (lowest number to side with first branch)
c) Name groups (drop -ane and add -yl)
d) Prefix with number ex. di (separate with hyphens)
e) Alphabetical order

49
Q

One rule for naming cycloalkanes

A

Start of point of maximum branching and number in direction of next branch

50
Q

Degrees of unsaturation can be found by number of _____ and _____.

A

a) Rings and double bonds
b) Formula:
[(2 x C + 2) - H + N - X] / 2

51
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Non-superimposable mirror images

52
Q

As chain length / surface area increases, bp ______.

53
Q

Do even or odd numbered carbons pack better?

54
Q

Names of the alkanes 11-20

A

undecane
dodecane
tridecane
tetradecane
pentadecane
hexadecane
heptadecane
octadecane
nonadecane
eicosane

55
Q

Suffix for alkanes with 20 carbons

56
Q

Suffix for alkanes with 30+ carbons

57
Q

Atomic mass of Helium

58
Q

Atomic mass of Lithium

59
Q

Atomic mass of Beryllium

60
Q

Atomic mass of Boron

61
Q

Atomic mass of Fluorine

62
Q

Atomic mass of Neon

63
Q

What is a primary carbon?

A

A carbon with only one substituent (not hydrogen)

64
Q

C-O-C group is called?

65
Q

C - C - H
=O group is called?

66
Q

C = O
O group is called?

67
Q

Does an amide or an amine group contain a double bond?

68
Q

Is an eclipsed Newman Projection ever the most stable?

A

No - there is too much steric repulsion

69
Q

What is an anti conformation?

A

The most stable (staggered and largest groups are furthest apart)

70
Q

What is a gauche conformation?

A

Largest groups are close together but they are staggered.

71
Q

Are axial or equatorial groups the most stable?

A

Equatorial

72
Q

Why should the largest groups be equatorial?

A

To avoid 1-3 diaxial repulsions

73
Q

Diastereomers have (the) same/different physical properties?

74
Q

What compound connects to form diamond?

A

Adamantanes

75
Q

What is a bridgehead?

A

An atom where rings fuse

76
Q

What must be added for halogenation reactions of alkanes?

77
Q

What are the two types of alkane reactions, and furthermore the subtypes of one?

A

a) Combustion
b) Halogenation
i) radical (two radicals formed)
ii) ionic (one ion formed and one electrophile)

78
Q

What are the three steps of alkane halogenation?

A

Initiation
Propagation (2 steps)
Termination (3 steps)

79
Q

In alkane halogenation, what position does the halogen attach to?

A

The least substituted carbon

80
Q

Order radicals in order of stability

A

Most

Tertiary
Secondary
Primary
Methyl

Least

81
Q

What is the Hammond Postulate?

A

When something is more reactive, it is less selective.

OR

When something is less reactive, it is more selective.

82
Q

In an exothermic reaction, does the TS resemble the SM or the products more?

A

Starting materials

83
Q

Rules for naming alkyl halides

A

a) Start at longest chain with max number of halogens/branches

b) Number from the end to give halide the lowest number

84
Q

5 Physical Properties of Haloalkanes

A
  1. Dipole-dipole interactions
  2. Higher bp than alkanes
  3. Good solvents for organic compounds
  4. if % composition > 65% halogen; density 1.0g/mL
  5. Immiscible in water
85
Q

What is a stereogenic center?

A

Carbon with four different groups attached

86
Q

What is a meso compound?

A

An achiral compound that has stereogenic centers

87
Q

A clockwise center is _____ and a counterclockwise center is _____.

88
Q

The priority 4 group must be to the ______ for a center to be opposite.

89
Q

When drawing an enantiomer, draw the same structure and _____ centers.

A

Invert/flip

90
Q

Formula for determining stereoisomers

91
Q

What groups are towards you in a Fischer projection?

A

Horizontal

92
Q

What stereoisomer rotates in a plane of polarized light?

A

Enantiomers

93
Q

Dextrorotary means _______.
Levorotatory means _______.

A

Clockwise
Counter clockwise

94
Q

Mixture of enantiomers is _____.

A

A racemic mixture/racemate

95
Q

Two kinds of Substitution Reactions

A

a) Radical
b) Ionic
i) SN1
ii) SN2

96
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

A positive seeking species (negatively charged)

97
Q

SN2 Mechanism

A

a) Bimolecular
b) Steric Bulk is the main barrier
c) Primary and Secondary are better
d) Charged or strong nucleophiles are better
e) Inverted Stereochemistry
f) Concerted
g) Rate is dependent on [Nu:] and [RX]

98
Q

SN1 Mechanism

A

a) Unimolecular
b) Carbocation stability is the main barrier
c) Tertiary are better
d) Neutral or weak nucleophiles are better
e) Mixed stereochemistry
f) Stepwise
g) Rate is dependent on [RX]

99
Q

Good Leaving groups

A

Sulfur thingy > I- > Br- > Cl-»> F-

100
Q

Poor leaving groups

A

F-
OH-
OR-
NR2 -
R: -
H: -

101
Q

How can bad leaving groups be made better?

A

By adding an acid

102
Q

What hybridization of carbon will not undergo substitution?

103
Q

Does a leaving group on a double bond leave?

104
Q

What is another name for an alkene?

105
Q

What si another name for an alkyne?

106
Q

Rules for naming alkenes/alkynes

A

a) Find longest chain with max number of double or triple bonds
b) Number from end to give first multiple bond the lowest number
c) Drop -ane and add -ene/-yne

107
Q

Are trans and cis compounds the same molecule?

A

No, they are diastereomers

108
Q

Which takes priority, a double bond or a halogen?

A

Double bond

109
Q

E means same/opposite and Z means same/opposite

A

E means opposite and Z means same

110
Q

What is a C5 unit called?

111
Q

What is the pKa of alkenes?

112
Q

What is the pKa of alkynes?

113
Q

What are the names of isoprene containing compounds? Name the first 6.

A

Terpenoids or Isoprenoids

  1. Hemiterpene
  2. Monoterpene
  3. Sesquiterpene
  4. Diterpene
  5. Sesterterpene
  6. Triterpene
114
Q

A reaction takes an acid from pKa 26 to pKa 36, will this work?

A

Yes, because reactions always go from a stronger acid (lower pKa) to a weaker acid.

CHEM 261 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions