Chem Flashcards
property that does not depend on the quantity of mass present
ex: color
intensive property
What are some common examples of intensive properties?
Temperature, pressure, density, specific heat capacity, boiling point, melting point, and refractive index.
Is mass an intensive or extensive property?
Extensive – because it depends on the amount of substance present.
Is density an intensive or extensive property?
Intensive – because it stays the same regardless of the amount of substance.
Why is boiling point an intensive property?
Because a substance will always boil at the same temperature under the same conditions, no matter how much of it is present.
Does increasing the amount of a substance change its intensive properties?
No, intensive properties remain the same no matter how much substance you have.
Is specific heat capacity (Cv or Cp) an intensive property?
Yes, because it is measured per unit mass or mole, making it independent of the total amount of substance.
What is an extensive property?
An extensive property is a physical property that depends on the amount of substance present.
What are some examples of extensive properties?
Mass, volume, total energy, total heat capacity, internal energy, and Gibbs free energy.
Why is volume an extensive property?
Because the more substance you have, the more space it occupies.
What happens to an extensive property if the amount of substance is doubled?
It also doubles because it depends on the quantity of the substance.
a high-energy state of matter where atoms lose their electrons, creating a mix of positively charged ions and free electrons.
Plasma
Plasma forms when a gas is heated to very high temperatures or exposed to a strong electromagnetic field, causing the atoms to lose electrons. This process is called
ionization
5th state of matter
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
It happens when a group of atoms is cooled down to extremely low temperatures, close to absolute zero (-273.15°C or -459.67°F).
At this point, the atoms stop behaving like individual particles and instead act as one big “super-atom.” They lose their separate identities and move together in a wave-like manner.
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
6th state of matter
Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP).
It’s an extremely hot and high-energy state of matter where quarks and gluons, the building blocks of protons and neutrons, are free and not bound together like in normal atoms.
Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP).
It likely existed just microseconds after the Big Bang, before atoms were formed.
Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP).
7th state of matter
fermionic condensate
8th state of matter
Superionic Ice
combination of two or more pure substances
mixture
substance that has a fixed chemical composition
pure substance
substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means
element
two or more elements
compound
method used to separate a liquid from a solid or two immiscible (non-mixing) liquids by carefully pouring out the top layer, leaving the heavier substance behind.
Decantation
a process used to separate substances of different densities by spinning them really fast in a machine called a centrifuge.
Centrifugation
a method used to separate liquids based on their boiling points by heating a mixture, collecting the vapor, and cooling it back into liquid form.
Distillation
a method used to separate different substances in a mixture based on how they move through a special material
When you put a marker’s ink on wet paper, the colors spread out.
Chromatography
believe that matter is composed of very small, indivisible particles, known as atomos
democritus
all matter is composed of indivisible atoms
john dalton
states that a chemical compound always contains the same elements in the same fixed ratio by mass, no matter how it is made or where it comes from.
Law of Definite Proportions
Water (H₂O) always has 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.
No matter where you get the water (ocean, rain, or a lab), it will always be 88.89% oxygen and 11.11% hydrogen by mass.
Law of Definite Proportions
states that when two elements combine to form more than one compound, the ratio of the masses of one element that combines with a fixed mass of the other element is always a small whole number.
Law of Multiple Proportions
Carbon and oxygen can form two different compounds:
Carbon monoxide (CO) → 12g of carbon combines with 16g of oxygen.
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) → 12g of carbon combines with 32g of oxygen.
The oxygen ratio in these compounds is 32:16 = 2:1, which is a simple whole number (2).
Law of Multiple Proportions
led to the discovery of the electron
cathode ray experiment
