Chem Flashcards
What type of charge does protons, neutrons, and electrons have? Which ones orbit the nucleus ?
Protons, Positive charge +
Neutrons, Neutral charge
Electrons, Negative charge -
Electrons orbit
What is an atom called with a positive charge? What about a negative charge?
Positive - Cation
Negative - Anion
What is an ionic bond? Examples?
involves a complete transfer of valence electrons, leaving one atom with a negative charge and one with a positive charge
Ex: Metals, acids, and bases
What is the strongest type of bond? Why?
Covalent bond because of an equal sharing of electrons
What is a polar covalent bond?
“in between” type of bond
They share electrons, but electrons remain closer to one atom than the other
What are Van der Waals forces?
Weak INTERnolecular bonds
Weakest type of bond
Inter= between molecules (think of intercollegiate sports, between two colleges)
Intra= Inside one molecule (think of intramurals, competing within one college)
What is Dalton’s Law? Example?
Total pressure is equal to the sum of each partial pressure exerted by each gas mixture
P total = P1 + P2 + P3
Ex: gases inside canister
At sea level, what is the partial pressure of sevo if set at 3%?
= 760mmHg * .03
22.8
What is Henry’s Law?
At a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves is directly proportional to the partial pressure. Said in another way, the higher the gas pressure, the more that will dissolve into a liquid
As temp goes up, solubility goes down
As temp goes down, solubility goes up
Example of Henry’s Law?
Emergence is prolonged by a hypothermic patient
Dissolved O2 in the CaO2
What is Fick’s Law of Diffusion?
Transfer rate of gas through a tissue medium
What is the rate of diffusion directly proportional to?
-Partial pressure (driving force)
-Diffusion coefficient (solubility)
-Membrane surface area
What is the rate of diffusion indirectly proportional to?
-Membrane thickness
-Molecular weight
Examples of Ficks law of diffusion?
-Diffusion hypoxia
-Calculation of CO
-Drug transfer across placenta
Examples of Boyle’s law?
(P*V)
-Diaphragmatic breathing
-Pneumatic bellows
-Ambu bag
-Bourdon pressure gauge
Examples of Charle’s Law?
(V/T)
LMA cuff ruptures when being place in an autoclave
Examples of Gay-Lussac’s Law?
(P/T)
O2 tank exploding in a heated environment
What is the ideal gas law?
PV = nrT
Pressure
Volume
number of moles
constant rate
Temperature
What is Ohm’s Law?
Current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance
How is Poiseuille’s law related to Ohms?
It also adds in diameter, viscosity, and tube length
How does a 2x change in radius affect laminar flow?
= 16x
How does a 3x change in radius affect laminar flow?
= 81x
How does a 4x change in radius affect laminar flow?
= 256x
What does Reynold’s number tell you?
Describes the three types of flow
< 2000 = laminar flow
2000 - 4000 = transitional flow
> 4000 = Turbulent flow
What does turbulent flow depend on? Which law?
Density (Graham’s Law)
What does laminar flow depend on? Which law?
Viscosity (Poiseuille’s Law)
How does Heliox improve Reynold’s number?
The oxygen/helium mixture reduces the density
Does Helium improve flow if it is already laminar flow?
No
What is Bernoulli’s Principle?
If fluid velocity is high, then less pressure on the walls
If fluid velocity is low, then more pressure on the walls
What is the Venturi affect? Examples?
With the application of Bernoulli’s Principle, if the pressure inside the tube falls below atmospheric pressure, then the air becomes entrained in the tube
Ex: Jet ventilator, Venturi, Nebulizer
What is the Coanda effect? Examples?
When the nearby surface curves, the flow follows the curve (think curvy snake)
Ex: Mitral regurg, water following curve of a glass
What is included in the Law of LaPlace?
Wall tension, internal pressure, and readius
Is pressure the pulling or pushing force?
Pushing - pushes the walls apart
Is tension the pulling or pushing force?
Pulling - holds the walls together
What is the yearly maximum radiation exposure for a non-pregnant person? What organs are most susceptible?
5 rem
Eyes and thyroid are most susceptible
What is the yearly maximum radiation exposure for a pregnant person? What organs are most susceptible?
.5 rem
Fetus is most susceptible
What three things limit radiation?
- Distance
-Duration
-Shielding
What is the minimum safe distance from the radiation source?
6 feet
What is the boiling point?
The pressure at which a liquids vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure
Does higher altitude have a higher pressure or lower pressure?
Lower pressure
How does boiling point change at higher and lower elevation?
Increased pressure (lower elevation) increases the boiling point
Decreased pressure (higher elevation) decreases boiling point
What is specific heat?
The amount of heat to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C
What is vapor pressure?
In a closed container, the amount of pressure molecules exert on the walls of the container
What is vaporization? What does it require?
The process by which a liquid is converted to a gas
Requires heat
What is the heat of vaporization?
The number of calories required to vaporize 1 mL of liquid
What is the latent heat of vaporization?
The number of calories required to vaporize 1 mL of liquid WITHOUT a change in temperature
Do modern vaporizers compensate for temperature change?
Yes
What is the joule-Thompson effect in the context of gas cylinders? Example?
A gas stored at high pressure, is suddenly released which drops the temperature
O2 tank opened too quickly feels cold
Remember - Joule is cool
What is the adiabatic process?
A process that occurs without the gain or loss of energy.
Rapid expansion or compression of gas without transfer of energy
What is the critical temperature?
The highest temperature where a gas can exist as a liquid. Said in another way, the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquified regardless of the pressure applied to it.
Which two gases have a critical temperature above room temperature? How are these usually stored?
N2O and CO2 - usually liquids
What is critical pressure?
The minimum pressure required a gas to a liquid at its critical temperature
How to calculate C to K, K to C?
Celsius = K - 273.15
Kelvin = C + 273.15
How to calculate C to F, and F to C?
Celsius = (F - 32) x 5/9
F = (C x 1.8) + 32
What is pressure?
Force / Area
As the area goes up, pressure goes down
As the area goes down, the pressure goes up
What is Avogadro’s number?
1 mole of gas is 6.023 X 10 to the 23
What are the 4 mechanism of heat transfer? Rank from most to least
3 stages of intraoperative heat transfer
How does
