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chem Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an alkali metal?

A

Any of the metals in the group that consists of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium.

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2
Q

What is an alkaline earth metal?

A

Any of the strongly basic metals consisting of beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. Also called alkaline earth.

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3
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist.

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4
Q

What is atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which is characteristic of a chemical element and determines its place in the periodic table.

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5
Q

What is a balanced equation?

A

An equation where the number of elements has been equalised on each side, so that the number of reactants is equal to the number of products.

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6
Q

What is charge in terms of an atom?

A

The total electric charge on an atom, due to the number of positive protons and number of negative electrons.

If an atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, its charge is 0.

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7
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

When new products have been made - when there has been a change in the composition of electrons and new compounds/products have been formed.

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8
Q

What is a compound?

A

A material formed by chemically bonding two or more chemical elements. They can be bonded by ionic bonding, covalent bonding, etc.

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9
Q

What is an electron?

A

A negatively charged subatomic particle which orbits the nucleus in shells. It has barely any mass and has a charge of -1.

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10
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance made of one kind of atom.

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11
Q

What is a group in the periodic table?

A

The columns of the periodic table are called groups (to show how many valence electrons there are). Elements in the same group have similar properties.

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12
Q

What is a halogen?

A

Group 17 elements which have almost full shells, and form ions of -1.

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13
Q

What is an ion?

A

Different to an atom as it has a charge. Occurs when the number of protons and electrons are not equal and thus the ion is charged negatively or positively.

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14
Q

What is an ionic compound?

A

Compounds between a metal and nonmetal are made up from ions that form charged particles when an atom (or group of atoms) gains or loses electrons.

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15
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Isotopes are the same element with different mass numbers - atoms with the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons.

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16
Q

What is mass number?

A

The mass number of an atom or isotope of an element is defined as the sum of the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

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17
Q

What is a metal?

A

A substance with high electrical conductivity, lustre, and malleability, which readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations).

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18
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A combination of two or more substances in any proportions.

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19
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms connected by chemical bonds.

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20
Q

What does neutral mean?

A

A water solution that is neither acidic nor basic, or an atom or molecule with no electrical charge.

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21
Q

What is a neutron?

A

One of the three subatomic particles that make up an atom, and holds no charge.

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22
Q

What are noble gases?

A

Any of a group of rare gases that include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and sometimes radon and that exhibit great stability and extremely low reaction rates.

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23
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

A positively charged region at the centre of the atom.

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24
Q

What is a period in the periodic table?

A

A horizontal row of the periodic table, of which all in the same period have the same number of shells.

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25
Q

What is a physical change?

A

Where no new products have been made and no chemical reaction has occurred. No change to element composition has occurred despite a change in appearance.

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26
Q

What is a proton?

A

A subatomic particle in the nucleus with a mass of 1, and a charge of +1.

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27
Q

What is a radioisotope?

A

An unstable isotope of a chemical element that releases radiation as it breaks down and becomes more stable.

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28
Q

What is a shell in an atom?

A

An electron shell may be thought of as an orbit that electrons follow around an atom’s nucleus.

29
Q

What is a subatomic particle?

A

The particles which compose an atom. They include the protons, neutrons and electrons.

30
Q

What are unbalanced electrons?

A

Unbalanced electrons are when the number of protons is not equal to the number of electrons, thus forming an ion.

31
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Valence electrons are the outermost shell electrons. These electrons are often removed or added (ions) or shared (covalent bonding).

32
Q

Describe the physical structure of an atom.

A

An atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by multiple electron shells in the electron cloud. There are protons and neutrons bound together within the nucleus, and there are electrons positioned around the nucleus in shells.

33
Q

What do elements in the same group have?

A

The same number of valence electrons and similar chemical properties.

34
Q

What do elements in the same period have?

A

The same number of electron shells.

35
Q

How does the electron configuration of an atom determine its position in the periodic table and its properties?

A

Same number of digits: same number of electron shells. Last digit: Group number + valence electron.

36
Q

Where are electrons arranged around the nucleus?

A

In electron shells.

37
Q

What to include when drawing a metallic bonding model?

A
  1. Cations with positive charges, including their charge. 2. Delocalised electrons. 3. Labelled with elements, label the sea of electrons.
38
Q

What is the ionic bonding model often drawn with?

A

The Lewis dot structure, i.e. dots and crosses.

39
Q

What elements are needed when drawing an electron transfer?

A
  1. Atoms drawn with their valence electrons only. 2. Arrows drawn to show where the valence electrons move. 3. An arrow showing the ions made - They should either have a full shell/no valence electrons. INCLUDE THE CHARGE!
40
Q

How is the covalent bonding model structured?

A

Lewis Dot and Cross Structure.

41
Q

What are the elements of drawing a covalent bond?

A
  1. Rings for each atom. 2. Each ring overlapping with the share, should go XO. 3. Lines for bonds if needed.
42
Q

Compare an ionic and covalent bond.

A

1 mark: A covalent bond is formed when two non-metals share a pair of electrons. 1 mark: An ionic bond is formed when electron(s) are transferred from a metal to a non-metal. 1 mark: Metal loses electrons to form a cation, and non-metal gains electrons to form an anion.

43
Q

What is Cu(OH)2?

A

Copper(II) Hydroxide.

44
Q

How does temperature impact the rate of reaction?

A
  1. Particles have more kinetic energy/move faster at higher temperatures. 2. Results in more collisions between the particles/increases frequency of collisions. 3. Proportion of successful collisions (sufficient energy and correct orientation) increases.
45
Q

What is the prefix for covalent: Two?

A

Di.

46
Q

What is the prefix for covalent: One?

A

Mono.

47
Q

What is the prefix for covalent: Three?

A

Tri.

48
Q

How to name covalent bonds?

A

(number)normal element, (number)element.

E.g. Carbon Dioxide.

49
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A

The chemical bonding that results from the electrostatic attraction between metal atoms and the surrounding sea of electrons.

50
Q

What is a metallic lattice?

A

A giant structure of atoms arranged in a regular pattern. When all the atoms are in this metallic lattice, they give up their outer electrons. This lattice is held together by the electrostatic attraction between the delocalized electrons and the positive ions.

51
Q

Why are metals malleable?

A

Because the metallic bond is ‘held together’ by an electrostatic force. They consist of layers of atoms that can slide over one another and still be held together by the delocalised electrons.

52
Q

Why are metals ductile?

A

The atoms can slide over each other and still be held together by the attraction of the delocalised electrons. Thus they can form wires without breakage.

53
Q

Why are metals good conductors of electricity and heat?

A

Delocalised electrons allow conductivity because the electrons inside the metal are relatively free to move - So when electricity is passed through metals, electrons carry electricity and spread it all over the metal.

54
Q

Why are metals lustrous?

A

Metals can absorb and reflect all frequencies of light.

55
Q

What is the SNAPE Rule?

A

NOT SOLUBLE: Sodium(Na+), Nitrate(NO3-), Ammonium(NH4+), Potassium(K+), Ethanoate(CH3COO-).

56
Q

What is the CHPS (or chips) rule?

A

ARE INSOLUBLE and WILL form a precipitate: Carbonate(CO3 2-), Hydroxide(OH-), Phosphate(PO4 3-), Sulphide(S2-).

57
Q

Explain the effect of surface area on the rates of chemical reactions.

A

Surface area means there are more particles available for collision and thus reaction. Therefore more particles are exposed, the frequency of collision increases. Therefore the proportion of successful collisions increases.

58
Q

Explain the effect of a catalyst.

A

They reduce the amount of energy needed to convert the reactants into products (the frequency of successful collisions increases).

59
Q

What is concentration in terms of chemical reactions?

A

The particles collide with each other more frequently (the frequency of collisions increases).

60
Q

What is the synthesis reaction equation?

A

A + B = AB.

61
Q

What are spectator ions?

A

Ions that do not take part in a chemical reaction and are found in solution both before and after the reaction i.e. do not form the precipitate.

62
Q

What is a net ionic equation?

A

Just contains the two ions which combine to make the precipitate.

63
Q

What is the decomposition reaction equation?

A

AB = A + B.

64
Q

What is the combustion reaction equation?

A

A + O2 = CO2 + H2O.

65
Q

What is the single displacement reaction equation?

A

AB + C = AC + B.

66
Q

What is the double displacement reaction equation?

A

AB + CD –> AD(aq) + CB(aq).

67
Q

What is the precipitation reaction equation?

A

AB + CD –> AD(aq) + CB(s).

68
Q

What is the neutralisation reaction equation?

A

Acid + Base -> salt + water.

69
Q

What is the carbonate reaction equation?

A

Acid + Carbonate -> Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide.

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